Entropy Perspectives of Molecular and Evolutionary Biology.

Attempts to find and quantify the supposed low entropy of organisms and its preservation are revised. The absolute entropy of the mixed components of non-living biomass (approximately -1.6 × 10 J K L) is the reference to which other entropy decreases would be ascribed to life.

On the Edge of Dispensability, the Chloroplast Genes.

The polypeptides encoded by the chloroplast genes and some nuclear genes form the thylakoid NADH dehydrogenase (Ndh) complex, homologous to the mitochondrial complex I. Except for Charophyceae (algae related to higher plants) and a few Prasinophyceae, all eukaryotic algae lack genes. Among vascular plants, the genes are absent in epiphytic and in some species scattered among different genera, families, and orders.

Evolution and Function of the Chloroplast. Current Investigations and Perspectives.

Chloroplasts are the place for the major conversion of the sun's radiation energy to chemical energythat is usable by organisms[…].

Reply to Comment on 'The cancer Warburg effect may be a testable example of the minimum entropy production rate principle'.

The minimum rate principle is applied to the chemical reaction in a steady-state open cell system where, under constant supply of the glucose precursor, reference to time or to glucose consumption does not affect the conclusions.