Unveiling the impact of antibiotic stress on biofilm formation and expression of toxin-antitoxin system genes in Clostridium difficile clinical isolates.

Objectives: The study investigates how antibiotics affect biofilm formation and toxin gene expression in Clostridium difficile, which is essential for its survival and persistence.

Methods: The study confirmed 25 strains of C. difficile and assessed biofilm formation.

Proteomics Exploration of to Design an Innovative Multi-Epitope mRNA Vaccine.

Brucellosis is a chronic and debilitating disease in humans, causing great economic losses in the livestock industry. Making an effective vaccine is one of the most important concerns for this disease. The new mRNA vaccine technology due to its accuracy and high efficiency has given promising results in various diseases.

GNAT toxin may have a potential role in persistence: an and study.

Persistent cells are primarily responsible for developing antibiotic resistance and the recurrence of . This study investigated the possible role of GNAT toxin in persistence. was exposed to five MIC concentrations of ciprofloxacin.

Development of innovative multi-epitope mRNA vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using in silico approaches.

The rising issue of antibiotic resistance has made treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections increasingly challenging. Therefore, vaccines have emerged as a viable alternative to antibiotics for preventing P. aeruginosa infections in susceptible individuals.

Novel toxin-based mRNA vaccine against Clostridium perfringens using in silico approaches.

Clostridium perfringens is a bacterium that causes gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. The several powerful toxins such as alpha toxin (CPA), beta toxin (CPB), enterotoxin (CPE), Epsilon toxin (ETX), and theta toxin, play a major role in its pathogenesis. Traditional vaccine development methods are time-consuming and costly.