In Vitro effects of petroleum ether, dichloromethane, methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Eucalyptus grandis on selected multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Background: The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance is of grave concern, requiring the search for newer and more effective antimicrobials to combat infections caused by resistant microbes. This study assessed the antimicrobial effects of Eucalyptus grandis crude extracts against selected multidrug resistant bacteria.

Methodology: Four different crude leaf extracts of E.

Effects of Intra-BLA Administration of PPAR Antagonists on Formalin-Evoked Nociceptive Behaviour, Fear-Conditioned Analgesia, and Conditioned Fear in the Presence or Absence of Nociceptive Tone in Rats.

There is evidence for the involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in pain, cognition, and anxiety. However, their role in pain-fear interactions is unknown. The amygdala plays a key role in pain, conditioned fear, and fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA).

Antinociceptive Effects of the GPR55 Antagonist CID16020046 Injected into the Rat Anterior Cingulate Cortex.

The G-protein coupled receptor, GPR55, modulates nociceptive processing. Given the expression of GPR55 in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a key brain region involved in the cognitive and affective dimensions of pain, the present study tested the hypothesis that GPR55 signalling in the ACC facilitates inflammatory pain behaviour in rats. The expression of GPR55 in the ACC was confirmed by both western blotting and immunostaining, with evidence for neuronal localisation.

Cortical Mechanisms of Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Migraine.

Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS) of the occipital cortex is an effective migraine treatment. However, its mechanism of action and cortical effects of sTMS in migraine are yet to be elucidated. Using calcium imaging and GCaMP-expressing mice, sTMS did not depolarise neurons and had no effect on vascular tone.

Peripheral deficiency and antiallodynic effects of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in a mouse model of paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain.

Background: Modulation of the endocannabinoid system has been shown to alleviate neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate if treatment with paclitaxel, a chemotherapeutic agent that induces neuropathic pain, affects endocannabinoid levels at a time when mice develop paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia. We also evaluated the peripheral antiallodynic activity of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and an inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), an enzyme responsible for 2-AG hydrolysis.