Current State of the Neuroscience of Fear Extinction and Its Relevance to Anxiety Disorders.

The elucidation of the functional neuroanatomy of human fear, or threat, extinction has started in the 2000s by a series of enthusiastically greeted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that were able to translate findings from rodent research about an involvement of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the hippocampus in fear extinction into human models. Enthusiasm has been painfully dampened by a meta-analysis of human fMRI studies by Fullana and colleagues in 2018 who showed that activation in these areas is inconsistent, sending shock waves through the extinction research community. The present review guides readers from the field (as well as non-specialist readers desiring safe knowledge about human extinction mechanisms) during a series of exposures with corrective information.

Functional characterization of the second feedback loop in the circadian clock of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba.

Background: The Antarctic krill Euphausia superba is a keystone species in the Southern Ocean ecosystem. This crustacean has an ancestral clock whose main components have been identified and characterized in the past few years. However, the second feedback loop, modulating clock gene expression through two transcription factors, VRI and PDP1, has yet to be described.

Evaluating the Impact of an Interprofessional Poverty Virtual Simulation Game.

The aim of the study was to compare the impact of a virtual simulation game to a poverty live interactive simulation with regard to perceptions of poverty. An interprofessional sample of pharmacy and nursing students completed pre/post surveys with 13 questions (total possible score: 39); the 395 responses were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and descriptive statistics. The virtual group had a score improvement of 3.

"Pyogenic spondylodiscitis from oral odontogenic origins: a frequently overlooked entity".

Background Context: Primary spondylodiscitis occurs through the hematogenous spread of a pathogen entering the body via a point of entry. The infection's origin often remains unclear. During dental procedures or through minor traumas, oral bacteria can enter the bloodstream and disseminate throughout the body.