A lower-extremities kinematic comparison of deep-water running styles and treadmill running.

The purpose of this investigation was to identify a deep-water running (DWR) style that most closely approximates terrestrial running, particularly relative to the lower extremities. Twenty intercollegiate distance runners (women, N = 12; men, N = 8) were videotaped from the right sagittal view while running on a treadmill (TR) and in deep water at 55-60% of their TR VO(2)max using 2 DWR styles: cross-country (CC) and high-knee (HK). Variables of interest were horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) displacement of the knee and ankle, stride rate (SR), VO(2), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE).

The AP2 domain of APETALA2 defines a large new family of DNA binding proteins in Arabidopsis.

APETALA2 (AP2) plays an important role in the control of Arabidopsis flower and seed development and encodes a putative transcription factor that is distinguished by a novel DNA binding motif referred to as the AP2 domain. In this study we show that the AP2 domain containing or RAP2 (related to AP2) family of proteins is encoded by a minimum of 12 genes in Arabidopsis. The RAP2 genes encode two classes of proteins, AP2-like and EREBP-like, that are defined by the number of AP2 domains in each polypeptide as well as by two sequence motifs referred to as the YRG and RAYD elements that are located within each AP2 domain.

Contralateral hamstring (biceps femoris) coactivation patterns and anterior cruciate ligament dysfunction.

It has been postulated that coactivation of antagonist hamstring musculature during active knee extension aids the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in maintaining joint stability by exerting an opposing torque to anterior tibial displacement induced by the quadriceps. It was the purpose of this study to compare contralateral patterns of hamstring coactivation in subjects who have suffered ACL dysfunction with subjects who have normal knees. Five subjects who had suffered ACL dysfunction (INJ) and five uninjured (UNI) subjects performed maximal flexions and extensions of the knee on a modified isokinetic dynamometer at 100 degrees and 300 degrees.

The assessment of mechanical and neuromuscular response strategies during landing.

The purpose of this study was to assess relative contributions of mechanical and neuromuscular mechanisms to control of landing. Proposed mechanical and neuromuscular response strategies were evaluated relative to lower extremity impact force attenuation. Four subjects performed three conditions of 25 landings from a 60-cm height on each of two days.