Latent HIV-1 TAR Regulates 7SK-responsive P-TEFb Target Genes and Targets Cellular Immune Responses in the Absence of Tat.

The transactivating response element (TAR) structure of the nascent HIV-1 transcript is critically involved in the recruitment of inactive positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) to the promoter proximal paused RNA polymerase II. The viral transactivator Tat is responsible for subsequent P-TEFb activation in order to start efficient viral transcription elongation. In the absence of the viral transactivator of transcription (Tat), e.

HMGA1 directly interacts with TAR to modulate basal and Tat-dependent HIV transcription.

The transactivating response element (TAR) of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is essential for promoter transactivation by the viral transactivator of transcription (Tat). The Tat-TAR interaction thereby recruits active positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) from its inactive, 7SK/HEXIM1-bound form, leading to efficient viral transcription. Here, we show that the 7SK RNA-associating chromatin regulator HMGA1 can specifically bind to the HIV-1 TAR element and that 7SK RNA can thereby compete with TAR.

The diabetic patient has a higher benefit from infrapopliteal revascularization than the non-diabetic patient: a 10-year retrospective study.

Objective: The objective of this article is to evaluate the limb salvage and patency rates after crural arterial revascularization, differences between graft material and co-morbidities.

Patients And Methods: All patients with crural artery bypasses were analysed retrospectively in a single centre (Department of Vascular Surgery, Thüringen Kliniken Saalfeld, Rudolstadt, Germany) over a 10-year period (1996-2006); 157 patients with 170 consecutive arterial reconstructions could be included.

Results: Follow-up time was 55 months (6-119).

7SK snRNA-mediated, gene-specific cooperativity of HMGA1 and P-TEFb.

7SK small-nuclear RNA has been shown to negatively regulate P-TEFb transcription elongation on the one hand and control HMGA1 transcription initiation and chromatin remodeling on the other. The non-coding 7SK RNA thereby directly interacts with both factors through different regions. While the loop 2 of the RNA specifically binds to the first HMGA1 A/T hook, thereby competing with DNA binding to the same domain, loops 1, 3 and 4 are involved in P-TEFb interaction.

Disease propagation analysis and mitigation strategies for effective mass dispensing.

Mass dispensing of medical countermeasures has been proven to be an effective and crucial means to contain the outbreak of highly infectious disease. The large influx of individuals to the point-of dispensing (POD) centers to receive vaccinations or prophylactic treatment, however, raises the potential risk of serious intra-facility cross-infections. To mitigate the effect, a thorough understanding of how disease propagates during the dispensing under different transmission parameters versus POD design and operational factors is necessary.