Long-Term Outcome of Graves' Disease: A Gender Perspective.

Introduction: In gender-skewed conditions such as Graves' disease (GD), the outcome naturally becomes dominated by the majority. This may lead to gender-biased misunderstandings regarding treatment outcomes. This especially holds true when complications, such as depression, are unevenly distributed.

Fracture Incidence in Graves' Disease: A Population-Based Study.

Population-based studies have indicated an increase in bone turnover in hyperthyroidism with a subsequent decrease in bone mineral density and an increased risk of fractures, especially in postmenopausal women. However, heterogeneity between studies prevents a definitive conclusion. Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease, and it is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.

Long term outcome after toxic nodular goitre.

Background: The purpose of treating toxic nodular goitre (TNG) is to reverse hyperthyroidism, prevent recurrent disease, relieve symptoms and preserve thyroid function. Treatment efficacies and long-term outcomes of antithyroid drugs (ATD), radioactive iodine (RAI) or surgery vary in the literature. Symptoms often persist for a long time following euthyroidism, and previous studies have demonstrated long-term cognitive and quality of life (QoL) impairments.

Autoimmunity in sarcoidosis: the tip of the Iceberg.

Sarcoidosis is a mysterious condition with an etiology that has to date eluded explanation. Innumerable clinical and serological organ- and non-organ-specific autoimmune associations have been reported. Many of the associated conditions are life-threatening but easily manageable if diagnosed early.