Efflux pump effects on drug resistance.

Resistance and tolerance to antituberculosis drugs have become serious problems in disease treatment. This multi-phase study investigated the contributions of efflux pumps to drug resistance. In the first phase, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of antibiotics were determined.

Colorimetric methods for rapid determination of pyrazinamide resistance.

Background: Because pyrazinamide (PZA) is only effective for Mycobacterium tuberculosis at an acidic pH, susceptibility tests are more difficult to perform than those for other anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs. The purpose of our work was to investigate the effectiveness of colorimetric methods to detect PZA susceptibility and to detect pncA gene mutations in resistant isolates by sequence analysis.

Methods: In this study, 30 clinical isolates and 2 reference isolates were used, 15 of which were resistant to PZA.

An evaluation of false-positive rifampicin resistance on the Xpert MTB/RIF.

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is one of the most significant causes of mortality and morbidity. Early diagnose is important especially in multiple drug resistant tuberculosis to avoid transmission. Traditional techniques requires at least one to three weeks for diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Foods of Animal Origin, Turkey.

In the present study, 175 coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CPS) isolates recovered from samples of beef (n = 110), raw milk n = 56), and fish (n = 9) were analyzed for methicillin resistance using MIC and PCR assays. Methicillin-resistant (MR) Staphylococcus aureus (SA) isolates were then characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). According to findings, 62 (35.

[Prevalence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*57:01 in HIV-infected patients].

Deaths related with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections have been decreased by the introduction of combined anti-retroviral therapy (ART) into the clinical practice. Combined ART usually consists of two nucleoside/nucleotide analogs reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) that is called backbone and a third drug that belongs to either non-nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), protease inhibitors (PI), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) or entry inhibitors. During abacavir therapy which is a member of NRTI, hypersensitivity reactions can occur approximately 4-9% of the patients that lead difficulties for the management of HIV infections.