A Framework for Using Cost-effectiveness Analysis to Support Pricing and Reimbursement Decisions for New Pharmaceuticals in a Context of Evolving Treatments, Prices, and Evidence.

Current approaches to the pricing and funding of new pharmaceuticals often focus on a one-time decision about a product for each clinical indication. This can result in multiple options being available to health systems without a clear signal about how to prioritise between them. This runs the risk that, as available treatments, evidence, and drug prices evolve, clinical and patient choices may not be aligned with the objective of allocating resources to promote population health.

Macular patterns of neuronal and visual field loss in recovered optic neuritis identified by machine learning.

We used machine learning to investigate the residual visual field (VF) deficits and macula retinal ganglion cell (RGC) thickness loss patterns in recovered optic neuritis (ON). We applied archetypal analysis (AA) to 377 same-day pairings of 10-2 VF and optical coherence tomography (OCT) macula images from 93 ON eyes and 70 normal fellow eyes ≥ 90 days after acute ON. We correlated archetype (AT) weights (total weight = 100%) of VFs and total retinal thickness (TRT), inner retinal thickness (IRT), and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness.

Sense of coherence, subjective burden, and anxiety and depression symptoms in caregivers of people with dementia: Causal dynamics unveiled by a longitudinal cohort study in Europe.

Background: Sense of coherence (SOC) is a disposition to perceive things as comprehensible, manageable and meaningful. Lower SOC is associated with subjective burden and psychological morbidity in family caregivers, including in dementia. However, the evidence-base mainly comprises small-scale or cross-sectional studies.

Population-health impact of new drugs recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in England during 2000-20: a retrospective analysis.

Background: Health systems experience difficult trade-offs when paying for new drugs. In England, funding recommendations by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for new drugs might generate health gains, but inevitably result in forgone health as the funds cannot be used for alternative treatments and services. We aimed to evaluate the population-health impact of NICE recommendations for new drugs during 2000-20.

Archetypal Analysis Reveals Consistent Visual Field Patterns for Stimulus Sizes III and V in Glaucoma and NAION.

Purpose: Disorders of the anterior optic nerve cause quantifiable patterns, or archetypes (AT), in visual fields (VFs) obtained using standardized automated perimetry using stimulus size III (size III). VFs with stimulus size V (size V) can reduce retest variability in eyes with moderate to severe loss. We postulated that VF testing using both stimuli would show similar ATs in eyes with glaucoma and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION).