Isolated Medial Malleolar Fractures: Current Concepts in Management.

Isolated medial malleolar fractures (IMMFs) are uncommon and often occur with other ankle injuries, complicating their treatment and management. This review aims to compare the complication rates and functional outcomes of surgical versus conservative treatment for IMMFs in skeletally mature patients. The literature suggests that for IMMFs with less than 2 mm of displacement, conservative treatment provides functional outcomes similar to surgical interventions, with minimal complications.

Induction of PD-1 and CD44 in CD4 T cells by circulatory extracellular vesicles from severe dengue patients drives endothelial damage via the NF-kB signaling pathway.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerged as critical contributors to the pathogenesis of vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction during the inflammatory response to infection. However, the contribution of circulating EVs to modifying endothelial function during dengue virus infection remains unclear. In this study, we showed that severe dengue patients' plasma-derived EV (SD-EV) were found to carry elevated levels of different protein cargos, e.

Singlet (Δ) O initiated gas phase oxidation as a potential tropospheric decay channel for ketene.

The oxidation of CHCO by (Δ) O has been investigated by means of high level quantum chemical and chemical kinetic calculations. The reaction was found to proceed through a four-membered cyclic transition state resulting from the addition of O to the CC bond of ketene. The reaction energetics has been calculated employing post-CCSD(T) corrections.

Competition between C-H⋯S and S-H⋯Cl H-bonds in a CHCl-HS complex: a combined matrix isolation IR spectroscopic and quantum chemical investigation.

H-bonded complexes between CHCl and HS have been studied in a cold and inert argon matrix using IR spectroscopy. Both molecules were found to act as both a H-bond donor and acceptor, resulting in two different conformers. The more stable one (binding energy 3.

A Comprehensive Review of Recent Trends in Posterior Malleolus Fracture Management.

Posterior malleolus fractures (PMFs) are challenging injuries around the ankle that can lead to poor clinical outcomes as they can compromise ankle stability. Although there has been an evolution in the principles of management of PMFs, their optimal treatment remains controversial. This review article aims to provide an in-depth account of the management of PMF, thereby providing a better understanding of these complex cases hence resulting in improving patient outcomes.