Long-term refractive and phoric changes in visual display unit (VDU) operators.

Purpose: This study assessed the phoric and refractive changes possibly caused by visual display unit (VDU) activity.

Methods: In a longitudinal trial nearly 6000 VDU operators received two ophthalmological examinations at intervals ranging from 34 to 43 months. The findings from the two examinations were correlated to VDU work (hours daily and years of VDU work), age and sex.

The clinical picture of diabetic retinopathy in the dog.

After an extensive review of the literature showing how the existence of diabetic retinopathy in the dog had been confirmed by various research workers and in particular by histological studies, a clinical picture of this retinopathy is given, together with a description of tis individual features based on opthalmoscopic examinations carried out on 13 dogs with diabetes and illustrated with the photographs taken with the KOWA retinograph.