Magnetoacoustic cutoff effect in numerical simulations of the partially ionized solar atmosphere.

The cutoff effect is a significant determinant of solar magnetohydrodynamic wave propagation and hence pivotal in energy transfer studies, such as solar plasma heating and seismological diagnostics. Despite continuous efforts, no good agreement between observed waveperiods and theory or numerical simulations was found. Our objective is to investigate the magnetoacoustic cutoff effect in the partially ionized solar atmosphere, factoring in the two-fluid effects.

Bioequivalence Evaluation of Topical Metronidazole Products Using Dermal Microdialysis in New Zealand Rabbits.

Comparative assessment of cutaneous pharmacokinetics (cPK) by dermal microdialysis (dMD) appears to be suitable to evaluate the bioequivalence (BE) of topical dermatological drug products applied to the skin (TDDPs). Although dMD studies in the literature have reported inconclusive BE assessments, we have addressed several methodological deficiencies to improve dMD's capability to assess BE between reference (R) and approved generic (referred to as test (T)) gel and cream products of metronidazole (MTZ). The 90% confidence interval (CI) of the geometric mean ratios for the Ln(AUC) and Ln(C) endpoints was centered within the BE limits of 80-125%.

Transverse oscillations and an energy source in a strongly magnetized sunspot.

The solar corona is two to three orders of magnitude hotter than the underlying photosphere, and the energy loss of coronal plasma is extremely strong, requiring a heating flux of over 1,000 W m to maintain its high temperature. Using the 1.6 m Goode Solar Telescope, we report a detection of ubiquitous and persistent transverse waves in umbral fibrils in the chromosphere of a strongly magnetized sunspot.

The dose-duration effect on cutaneous pharmacokinetics of metronidazole from topical dermatological formulations in Yucatan mini-pigs.

Dermal microdialysis (dMD) permits the investigation of cutaneous pharmacokinetics (cPK) for topical dermatological drug products (TDDP). dMD involves probe implantation into the dermis and a sample collection system that restricts subjects' movements for the experimental duration. A truncated dose-duration, by TDDP removal at predetermined time-points, may help to adequately characterize the cPK in a relatively short time.

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging.

Cutaneous pharmacokinetics (cPK) after topical formulation application has been a research area of particular interest for regulatory and drug development scientists to mechanistically understand topical bioavailability (BA). Semi-invasive techniques, such as tape-stripping, dermal microdialysis, or dermal open-flow microperfusion, all quantify macroscale cPK. While these techniques have provided vast cPK knowledge, the community lacks a mechanistic understanding of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) penetration and permeation at the cellular level.