A review of probability of causation and its use in a compensation scheme for nuclear industry workers in the United Kingdom.

The assumption that any additional exposure to ionizing radiation leads to an increase in the risk of stochastic health effects implies that some cases of these effects will be caused by exposure incurred occupationally. The main health effect expected to arise in the exposed individuals is cancer. Such radiation-induced cancers cannot be distinguished from the far larger number of background cancers, and, therefore, causation must be assessed statistically.

The prevalence and nature of back pain in an industrial complex: a questionnaire and radiographic and HLA analysis.

A questionnaire relating to presence and nature of back pain was distributed to all 10,150 employees (59% men) of an industrial complex. The questionnaire was returned by 2892 subjects (65% men). Of these, 1880 (65% of responders or 19% of total) reported a history of back pain.