It takes two peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-β/δ and PPAR-γ) to tango idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by aberrant lung epithelial phenotypes, fibroblast activation, and increased extracellular matrix deposition. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)1-induced Smad signaling and downregulation of peroxisomal genes are involved in the pathogenesis and can be inhibited by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α activation. However, the three PPARs, that is PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ, and PPAR-γ, are known to interact in a complex crosstalk.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptor 1 Mediates Borna Disease Virus 1-Induced Changes in Peroxisomal and Mitochondrial Dynamics in Neurons.

Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV1) causes a persistent infection in the mammalian brain. Peroxisomes and mitochondria play essential roles in the cellular antiviral immune response, but the effect of BoDV1 infection on peroxisomal and mitochondrial dynamics and their respective antioxidant capacities is still not clear. Using different mouse lines-i.

Rise and fall of peroxisomes during Alzheimer´s disease: a pilot study in human brains.

Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles that rapidly change in number depending on the metabolic requirement of distinct cell types and tissues. In the brain, these organelles are essential for neuronal migration and myelination during development and their dysfunction is associated with age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Except for one study analysing ABCD3-positive peroxisomes in neurons of the frontal neocortex of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, no data on other brain regions or peroxisomal proteins are available.

Mutations in HID1 Cause Syndromic Infantile Encephalopathy and Hypopituitarism.

Objective: Precursors of peptide hormones undergo posttranslational modifications within the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Dysfunction of proteins involved at different steps of this process cause several complex syndromes affecting the central nervous system (CNS). We aimed to clarify the genetic cause in a group of patients characterized by hypopituitarism in combination with brain atrophy, thin corpus callosum, severe developmental delay, visual impairment, and epilepsy.

Analysis of the Level of Plasmid-Derived mRNA in the Presence of Residual Plasmid DNA by Two-Step Quantitative RT-PCR.

In transfection experiments with mammalian cells aiming to overexpress a specific protein, it is often necessary to correctly quantify the level of the recombinant and the corresponding endogenous mRNA. In our case, mouse calvarial osteoblasts were transfected with a vector containing the complete cDNA (plasmid DNA). The mRNA level, as calculated using the RT-qPCR product, was unrealistically higher (>1000-fold) in transfected compared to non-transfected cells, and we assumed that there were large amounts of contaminating plasmid DNA in the RNA sample.