The Differentiation of Intestinal-Failure-Associated Liver Disease from Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.

Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), formerly known as parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease has often been listed in textbooks as an example of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, histology, and progression differ substantially between the conditions defined as NAFLD and the disease, IFALD. Therefore, IFALD should not be defined or considered as a type or a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, but rather as a distinct disease.

Development of a general and efficient iron-catalyzed epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant.

The development of inexpensive and practical iron catalysts for the environmentally benign epoxidation of olefins with hydrogen peroxide as terminal oxidant is described. By systematic variation of ligands, metal sources, and reaction conditions, it was discovered that FeCl3 x 6 H2O in combination with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and different amines shows high reactivity and excellent selectivity towards the epoxidation of aromatic olefins and moderate reactivity towards that of aliphatic olefins.

Using teams and committees effectively.

In a corporate setting, the term "team" usually refers to members of a group with different responsibilities and/or skills working together to achieve a common goal or objective. The major reason why a company desires group as opposed to individual involvement is to derive sounder decisions. Two essential issues to resolve in establishing teams or committees are 1) who should be a member or representative; and 2) what is the charter or mandate for the group.

The many faces of reality.

Reality has many faces, depending on who is judging or describing a situation or event. A person's view of reality is strongly influenced by his or her perceptions, values, biases and beliefs, and reality is therefore a relative term. Even the ability to determine the reality of an object through objective instruments and measures is limited.

Developing a pharmaceutical perspective.

A variety of focuses are used in this article to discuss four types of perspectives; these focuses are self, others, drugs/issues and company/industry. There is a hierarchy of concern about the topics one deals with. This hierarchy ranges from identifying whether there is a question to address or whether the topic is more serious and there is an issue to consider.