Hypertrophic nonunion management with distraction osteogenesis: a scoping review of the literature.

Introduction: Traditionally, stiff hypertrophic nonunions have been managed with open preparation of the nonunion site, which is then secured with internal fixation. Alternative surgical options are available including distraction osteogenesis with an external fixator. There is currently a limited amount of literature pertaining to the use of distraction osteogenesis in the management of hypertrophic nonunion.

The immunobiology of corneal HSV-1 infection and herpetic stromal keratitis.

SUMMARYHuman alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful neurotropic pathogen that primarily infects the epithelial cells lining the orofacial mucosa. After primary lytic replication in the oral, ocular, and nasal mucosal epithelial cells, HSV-1 establishes life-long latency in neurons within the trigeminal ganglion. Patients with compromised immune systems experience frequent reactivation of HSV-1 from latency, leading to virus entry in the sensory neurons, followed by anterograde transport and lytic replication at the innervated mucosal epithelial surface.

Meeting the Challenge of Controlling Viral Immunopathology.

The mission of this review is to identify immune-damaging participants involved in antiviral immunoinflammatory lesions. We argue these could be targeted and their activity changed selectively by maneuvers that, at the same time, may not diminish the impact of components that help resolve lesions. Ideally, we need to identify therapeutic approaches that can reverse ongoing lesions that lack unwanted side effects and are affordable to use.