Immersive Virtual Reality and Cadaveric Bone are Equally Effective in Skeletal Anatomy Education: A Randomized Crossover Noninferiority Trial.

Objective: Immersive virtual reality (IVR) technology is transforming medical education. Our aim was to compare the effectiveness of IVR with cadaveric bone models in teaching skeletal anatomy.

Design: A randomized crossover noninferiority trial was conducted.

Virtual reality and cardiac anatomy: Exploring immersive three-dimensional cardiac imaging, a pilot study in undergraduate medical anatomy education.

Cardiac anatomy can be challenging to grasp because of its complex three-dimensional nature and remains one of the most challenging topics to teach. In light of some exciting technological advances in the field of virtual reality (VR), we sought to test the viability and the assess efficacy of this computer-generated model for the purposes of teaching cardiac anatomy. Before learning cardiac anatomy, first-year undergraduate medical students participated in an anatomically correct VR simulation of the heart.

4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.

Twenty-four 4-alkylidene glutamic acids were synthesised and tested as potential subtype selective GluR5 and 6 ligands. It was found that a critical size of alkylidene group gave potent and selective GluR5 receptor agonists. LY339624 had Kis of 0.

4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.

Enantiomerically pure (2S,4R)-4-substituted glutamic acids were prepared and tested for homomeric GluR5 and GluR6 kainate subtype receptor affinity. Some of the 4-cinnamyl analogues showed high selectivity and potency (K(i) < 25 nM) for the GluR5 receptors. The greatest selectivity and potency were achieved with the 3-(2-naphthyl)prop-2-enyl compound.

LY339434, a GluR5 kainate receptor agonist.

The activity of a gamma-substituted glutamate analogue, (2S, 4R, 6E)-2-amino-4-carboxy-7-(2-naphthyl)hept-6-enoic acid (LY339434) and (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamic acid at ionotropic glutamate receptors has been examined. Ligand binding studies were performed using [3H] AMPA binding to membranes expressing either homomeric recombinant GluR1, GluR2, GluR4 receptors, and [3H] kainate binding to GluR5 and GluR6 kainate receptors. LY339434 and (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamic acid showed selectivity in ligand binding studies for kainate receptors over AMPA receptors.