Successful treatment of drooling in children with neurological disorders with botulinum toxin A or B.

Drooling is a common and severe problem in children with neurological disorders and is caused by a disturbed coordination of orofacial and palatolingual muscles. Botulinum toxin could be a successful option to reduce excessive sialorrhea in children with neurological disorders. In 30 children with cerebral palsy or neurodegenerative disorder we injected under ultrasound guidance either botulinum toxin A or botulinum toxin B into the parotid and submandibular glands on both sides.

Interracial psychotherapy: a report of the treatment of an inner-city adolescent.

This report demonstrates the effectiveness of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy between a patient and therapist of different races. The patient's experience as a member of a minority was recognized, as were the psychodynamic meanings that race possessed in reference to identification, transference, resistance, and countertransference.