Monte Carlo simulation of gold nanoparticles for X-ray enhancement application.

Background: Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are regarded as potential agents that enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells for theranostic applications. To elucidate the biological mechanisms of radiation dose enhancement effects of Au NPs as well as DNA damage attributable to the inclusion of Au NPs, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have been deployed in a number of studies.

Scope Of Review: This review paper concisely collates and reviews the information reported in the simulation research in terms of MC simulation of radiosensitization and dose enhancement effects caused by the inclusion of Au NPs in tumor cells, simulation mechanisms, benefits and limitations.

Gold nanoparticles-based photothermal therapy for breast cancer.

AuNPs-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) is gaining popularity in both laboratory research and medical applications. It has proven clear advantages in breast cancer therapy over conventional thermal ablation because of its easily-tuned features of irradiation light with inside hyperthermia ability. Notwithstanding this significant progress, the therapeutic potential of AuNPs-mediated PTT in cancer treatments is still impeded by several challenges, including inherent non-specificity, low photothermal conversion effectiveness, and the limitation of excitation light tissue penetration.

Effect of inorganic salts and glucose additives on dose-response, melting point and mass density of genipin gel dosimeters.

Genipin gel dosimeters are hydrogels infused with a radiation-sensitive material which yield dosimetric information in three dimensions (3D). The effect of inorganic salts and glucose on the visible absorption dose-response, melting points and mass density of genipin gel dosimeters has been experimentally evaluated using 6-MV LINAC photons. As a result, the addition of glucose with optimum concentration of 10% (w/w) was found to improve the thermal stability of the genipin gel and increase its melting point (Tm) by 6 °C accompanied by a slight decrease of dose-response.

2,2-Diphenyl-N-{[2-(tri-fluoro-meth-yl)phen-yl]carbamo-thio-yl}acetamide.

The title mol-ecule, C22H17F3N2OS, adopts a trans-cis conformation with respect to the positions of the carbonyl and tri-fluoro-methyl-benzene groups against the thio-carbonyl group across the C-N bonds. The mol-ecular structure is stabilized by an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond with an S(6) ring motif. The tri-fluoro-methyl-substituted benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 66.

N-[(3-Ethyl-phen-yl)carbamo-thio-yl]-2,2-di-phenyl-acetamide.

In the title mol-ecule, C23H22N2OS, the di-phenyl-acetyl and ethyl-benzene groups adopt a trans-cis conformation, respectively, with respect to the S atom across the (S=)C-N bonds. This conformation is stabilized by an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond and a weak C-H⋯S hydrogen bond. The ethyl-substituted benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 87.

N-[(2,6-Di-ethyl-phen-yl)carbamo-thio-yl]-2,2-di-phenyl-acetamide.

In the title compound, C25H26N2OS, the diethyl-substituted benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 67.38 (9) and 55.32 (9)° with the terminal benzene rings.

Structural and optical properties of lead-boro-tellurrite glasses induced by gamma-ray.

Spectrophotometric studies of lead borotellurite glasses were carried out before and after gamma irradiation exposure. The increasing peak on the TeO(4) bi-pyramidal arrangement and TeO(3+1) (or distorted TeO(4)) is due to augmentation of irradiation dose which is attributed to an increase in degree of disorder of the amorphous phase. The structures of lead tellurate contain Pb(3)TeO(6) consisting of TeO(3) trigonal pyramid connected by PbO(4) tetragonal forming a three-dimensional network.

4-tert-Butyl-N-[(2,6-dimethyl-phen-yl)carbamothio-yl]benzamide.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(20)H(24)N(2)OS, consists of two crystallographically independent mol-ecules. In each mol-ecule, an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond forms an S(6) ring motif. The dihedral angles between the terminal benzene rings in the two mol-ecules are 75.

Determination of radioactive elements and heavy metals in sediments and soil from domestic water sources in northern peninsular Malaysia.

Soil serves as a major reservoir for contaminants as it posseses an ability to bind various chemicals together. To safeguard the members of the public from an unwanted exposure, studies were conducted on the sediments and soil from water bodies that form the major sources of domestic water supply in northern peninsular Malaysia for their trace element concentration levels. Neutron Activation Analysis, using Nigeria Research Reactor-1 (NIRR-1) located at the Centre for Energy Research and Training, Zaria, Nigeria was employed as the analytical tool.

Microbial transformation of mesterolone.

The microbial transformation of mesterolone (= (1alpha,5alpha,17beta)-17-hydroxy-1-methylandrostan-3-one; 1), by a number of fungi yielded (1alpha,5alpha)-1-methylandrostane-3,17-dione (2), (1alpha,3beta,5alpha,17beta)-1-methylandrostane-3,17-diol (3), (5alpha)-1-methylandrost-1-ene-3,17-dione (4), (1alpha,5alpha,15alpha)-15-hydroxy-1-methylandrostane-3,17-dione (5), (1alpha,5alpha,6alpha,17beta)-6,17-dihydroxy-1-methylandrostan-3-one (6), (1alpha,5alpha,7alpha,17beta)-7,17-dihydroxy-1-methylandrostan-3-one (7), (1alpha,5alpha,11alpha,17beta)-11,17-dihydroxy-1-methylandrostan-3-one (8), (1alpha,5alpha,15alpha, 17beta)15,17-dihydroxy-1-methylandrostan-3-one (9), and (5alpha,15alpha,17beta)-15,17-dihydroxy-1-methylandrost-1-en-3-one (10). Metabolites 5-10 were found to be new compounds. All metabolites, except 2, 3, 6, and 7, exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity.