A Narrative Review of Bedaquiline and Delamanid: New Arsenals Against Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Background: The treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR-) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a formidable challenge. Treatment of MDR- and XDR-TB using bedaquiline (BDQ) and delamanid (DLM), two newly introduced medications, is steadily increasing. This narrative review aimed to present a concise overview of the existing information regarding BDQ and DLM, and elucidate their antimicrobial characteristics, resistance mechanisms, synergism with other drugs, and side effects.

Application of a new designed high resolution melting analysis for mycobacterial species identification.

The Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) isolates should be distinguished from tuberculosis and identified at the species level for choosing an appropriate treatment plan. In this study, two molecular methods were used to differentiate NTM species, including a new designed High Resolution Melting (HRM) and Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA). Seventy-five mycobacterial isolates were evaluated by sequencing four genes ( MLSA) and a HRM assay specifically targeting atpE was designed to rapidly and accurately identify and differentiate mycobacterium species.

Toxin-antitoxin Genes Expression in Multidrug-resistant Isolates under Drug Exposure.

Introduction: Toxin-antitoxin systems (TAs) are highly conserved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The TAs role in maintaining and disseminating drug resistance in bacterial populations has been indicated. So, we aimed to analyze the expression level of mazEF-related genes in drugsusceptible and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mtb isolates under isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF) stress.

Frequency of mutations in erm(39) related to clarithromycin resistance and in rrl related to linezolid resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium fortuitum in Iran.

Mycobacterium fortuitum is a clinically important species among nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Treatment of diseases caused by NTM is challenging. The aim of this study was identification of drug susceptibility and detection of mutations in erm(39) related to clarithromycin resistance and in rrl related to linezolid resistance in clinical isolates of M.

Molecular identification of non-tuberculous mycobacterial species isolated from extrapulmonary samples using real-time PCR and rpoB sequence analysis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality among infectious diseases and accounts for a serious health hazard wordwide. Apart from TB, the members of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), which includes around 170 species, may also cause different diseases in humans. Therefore this study aimed to investigate the distribution of NTM strains isolated from extrapulmonary (EP) samples by Real-Time PCR and PCR-sequencing methods in Southwest Iran.

Molecular identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria using the rpoB, argH and cya genes analysis.

Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are growing worldwide especially in immunocompromised individuals. Since treatment of NTM infections is species-specific, the precise identification of NTM to species level is critical for an optimal treatment. This study was aimed to identify different NTM species by sequencing the rpoB gene and evaluating the effectiveness of argH and cya gene markers.

Drug susceptibility profiling and genetic determinants of drug resistance in Mycobacterium simiae isolates obtained from regional tuberculosis reference laboratories of Iran.

Background: Among Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) which generally cause opportunistic infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts, Mycobacterium simiae (M. simiae) is one of the most important NTM, associated with pulmonary disease. The main concern about M.

Genetic diversity of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Khuzestan province, Iran.

The emergence of drug-resistant strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has challenged tuberculosis control programs. So far, few studies using the 24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit variable number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) have investigated the genetic diversity of MTB in Iran. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of MTB isolates resistant to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs using 24-locus MIRU-VNTR in southwestern Iran.

New design of multilocus sequence analysis of rpoB, ssrA, tuf, atpE, ku, and dnaK for identification of Mycobacterium species.

Background: Differentiating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) from nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is very important in the treatment process of patients. According to the American Thoracic Society guideline (ATS), NTM clinical isolates should be identified at the species level proper treatment and patient management. This study aimed to identify NTM clinical isolates by evaluationg rpoB, ssrA, tuf, atpE, ku, and dnaK genes, and use multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) to concatenate the six genes.

Identification of mutations in rpoB, pncA, embB, and ubiA genes among drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Iran.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to effective first-line drugs (FLDs) has challenged national and global tuberculosis control programs. This study aimed to identify mutations in 4 genes related to rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol resistance among clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from southwestern Iran.

Detection and characterization of mutations in genes related to isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Iran.

Background: The global rise in drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), and especially the significant prevalence of isoniazid (INH)-resistance constitute a significant challenge to global health. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate mutations in prevalent gene loci-involved in INH-resistance phenotype-among M.

The effects of add-on therapy of Phyllanthus Emblica (Amla) on laboratory confirmed COVID-19 Cases: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.

Objective: This randomized, double-blind, controlled trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate the effect of Phyllanthus Emblica (Amla) as an add-on therapy on COVID-19_ related biomarkers and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.

Methods: In this RCT, sixty-one patients were randomly assigned into two arms [the intervention (n=31) and control arms (n=30)]. The effect of Amla on diagnostic Reverse-transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test results between the first and the last days of the study, the length of stay (LOS) in hospital, the percentage of lung involvement on CT scans, changes in the clinical symptoms, and the laboratory markers were assessed.

Associations between seroprevalence of and ABO/rhesus blood group antigens in healthy blood donors in southwest Iran.

Objective: To investigate correlations between ABO/rhesus (Rh) blood group antigens and anti- and anti-cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) seropositivity in blood donors.

Methods: A total of 311 blood donors were enrolled. ABO and Rh blood groups were determined using hemagglutination tests.

Study of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial profile of nosocomial infections and their antibiotic resistance in a referral center, Southwest Iran: A three year cross-sectional study.

Background: The drug resistance is expected to be the most important challenge in infection control in Iran, where there is no local report or standard drug resistance monitoring system. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the aerobic and anaerobic bacterial profile of nosocomial infections and their antibiotic resistance in Ahvaz, southwest Iran.

Methodology: The gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were identified on the basis of conventional culture and biochemical tests.

Antibacterial effects of Octenicept, and benzalkonium chloride on Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical samples and determination of genetic diversity of isolates by RAPD-PCR method.

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is among the important causes of nosocomial infections. Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, many problems have been raised in the successful treatment of patients infected by this bacterium with the subsequent mortality.

Prevalence of methicillin resistance and superantigenic toxins in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with cancer.

Background: This study aimed to determine the frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), antibiotic resistance patterns, superantigenic toxins profile, and clonality of this pathogen in patients with cancer.

Results: In total, 79 (25.7%) isolates were confirmed as Staphylococcus species, from which 38 (48.

Investigation of the , , , , and efflux pump genes expression among multidrug-resistant clinical isolates.

Background: Different resistance mechanisms for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) have been reported. Although mutations in target genes are the main cause of drug resistance, efflux pumps (Eps) also play an important role in this process. Here, we investigated the overexpression of five putative EP genes plus gene mutations in MDR-TB clinical isolates.

Genotypic and phenotypic prevalence of Nocardia species in Iran: First systematic review and meta-analysis of data accumulated over years 1992-2021.

Background: Nocardia species belong to the aerobic actinomycetes group of bacteria which are gram-positive and partially acid-fast Bacilli. These bacteria may sometimes be associated with nosocomial infections. Nocardia diseases are not required to be reported to public health authorities in Iran.

Linezolid resistance among multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in Iran.

The management of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) presents a main challenge and the drug options for treating these infections are very limited. Linezolid (LNZ) has recently been approved for the treatment of MDR and XDR-TB. But, there are narrow data on genotypic and phenotypic LNZ resistance in clinical isolates.

Molecular Identification, and Characterization of Strains Isolated from Four Tuberculosis Regional Reference Laboratories in Iran During 2016-2018.

Background: Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are growing concern in many countries around the globe including Iran. Among them, ( causes both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary infections. Despite the high prevalence of isolates in Iran, unfortunately little is known about the epidemiological aspects of infection.

Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Causing Bloodstream Infections in Cancer Patients from Southwest of Iran.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the frequency rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL-PE) causing bloodstream infections (BSIs) in cancer patients referred to one of the major referral hospitals in Ahvaz city, southwest Iran.

Materials And Methods: In this study, 1700 blood cultures were collected from 610 cancer patients suspected to have BSI from October 2016 to August 2017 referred to the Shafa cancer hospital, Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. The blood culture bottles were incubated aerobically at 35-37ºC for 24 hours and then sub-cultured on routine microbiology culture media.

Investigation of SCCmec types I-IV in clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran.

Today methicillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) are important in terms of causing significant nosocomial infections. Besides, MR-CoNS are confirmed as the reservoir of SCCmec elements that carry mecA (methicillin-resistant) gene. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the susceptibility pattern, prevalence and diversity of SCCmec types I, II, III, and IV in MR-CoNS strains.

Comparison Of And Efflux Pump Genes Expression In Drug-Susceptible And -Resistant Strains Isolated From Tuberculosis Patients In Iran.

Background: Among different resistance mechanisms in (MTB), efflux pumps may have a role in drug-resistance property of MTB. So, the aim of this study was to compare the relative overexpression of two important efflux pump genes, and , among MTB isolates from TB patients.

Methods: A total of 37 clinical isolates of confirmed MTB isolates were analyzed.

Investigation of the prevalence of genes conferring resistance to carbapenems in isolates from burn patients.

Currently, the rate of hospital-acquired infections due to drug-resistant strains shows an increasing trend and remains one of the principal reasons for mortalilty in burn patients. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of genes conferring resistance to carbapenems in isolates from burn patients. A total of 50 isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility and presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) isolates, using phenotypic tests.

Isolation and characterization of from environmental and clinical sources by culture and PCR-RFLP methods.

Background And Objectives: Due to the widespread distribution of in environmental and animal sources and serious clinical complications in human, this study was aimed to isolate from water and clinical specimens by culture and PCR methods and to investigate the presence of and virulence genes.

Materials And Methods: Water and clinical samples of vaginal and fecal were screened for the presence of by phenotypic and standard biochemical tests. PCR amplification was performed on extracted DNA using primers based on the and genes.