Potential Therapeutic Strategies to Combat HCC.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex, life-threatening and most common neoplasm in the world. HCC tumors are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, and involve various molecular mechanisms and stimulation of several signaling pathways, such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors (EGFR), Insulin growth factor, Ras/extracellular signal-stimulated kinase, the mammalian goal of rapamycin (mTOR), c-mesenchymal- epithelial transition factor-1 (c-Met), Hedgehog, Wnt and apoptotic signaling. Lately, in patients, multi-kinase cascade blockers, such as sorafenib, selumetinib and regorafenib, have increased the survival rate of progressive HCC.

Outbreaks of foodborne Salmonella enteritidis in the United States between 1990 and 2015: An analysis of epidemiological and spatial-temporal trends.

Objectives: To evaluate the role of eggs and other food vehicles as risk factors associated with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) outbreaks in order to address the endemicity of SE infections in the USA.

Methods: We retrieved and analyzed data relating to all SE outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) between 1990 and 2015. We then used descriptive and analytical statistical methods, including negative binomial regression models for the estimation of rate-ratios, to analyze the data.

Experimental Evolution of Leads to Loss of Motility, N (σ54) Deletion and Genome Reduction.

Evolution experiments in the laboratory have focused heavily on model organisms, often to the exclusion of clinically relevant pathogens. The foodborne bacterial pathogen belongs to a genus whose genomes are small compared to those of its closest genomic relative, the free-living genus , suggesting genome reduction during the course of evolution to host association. In an experiment, serially passaged in rich medium in the laboratory exhibited loss of flagellar motility-an essential function for host colonization.