Acute adverse reactions after multiple initially well-tolerated gadolinium-based contrast-enhanced abdomen MRIs in pediatric patients.

Purpose: Repeated gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA)-enhanced MRIs are crucial in the diagnosis and follow-up of oncologic and chronic disorders in pediatric patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency and severity of adverse reactions to GBCAs in children after a single vs. multiple GBCA-enhanced abdomen MRIs.

Reliability of signal intensity in the basal ganglia on non-contrast T1-weighted MR scans after repetitive application of a gadolinium-based contrast agent in pediatric neuro-oncology patients.

Purpose: To evaluate the reliability of signal intensity (SI) changes in the basal ganglia as a supposed indicator of gadolinium deposition in the brain after repetitive application of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) in a pediatric neuro-oncological collective.

Methods: One hundred and eight neuropediatric patients (54 male, 54 female, 0-17 years old), with repetitive GBCA-enhanced cranial MRIs between 2003 and 2017, were retrospectively analyzed. Two radiologists measured SI in the nucleus dentatus (ND), globus pallidus (GP), thalamus (T), and the pons (P).

Relative Enhancement in Gadoxetate Disodium-Enhanced Liver MRI as an Imaging Biomarker in the Diagnosis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Pediatric Obesity.

Relative enhancement (RE) in gadoxetate disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced MRI is a reliable, non-invasive method for the evaluation and differentiation between simple steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of RE in Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced liver MRI and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) in unenhanced liver MRI and ultrasound (US) for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) screening in pediatric obesity. Seventy-four liver US and MRIs from 68 pediatric patients (13.

Risk Scores for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Pediatric Obesity.

Introduction: Early noninvasive detection of incipient liver damage is crucial to prevent long-term adverse health outcomes. A variety of scores to assess liver status have been proposed, mostly for adult populations. Validation of noninvasive hepatic scores to identify children at risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a gap in research, particularly in youth with severe obesity considering pubertal stage and sex.

Influence of age on gadoxetic acid disodium-induced transient respiratory motion artifacts in pediatric liver MRI.

Purpose: Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced liver MRI is frequently compromised by transient severe motion artifacts (TSM) in the arterial phase, which limits image interpretation for the detection and differentiation of focal liver lesions and for the recognition of the arterial vasculature before and after liver transplantation. The purpose of this study was to investigate which patient factors affect TSM in children who undergo Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced liver MRI and whether younger children are affected as much as adolescents.

Methods: One hundred and forty-eight patients (65 female, 83 male, 0.

Characterization of the Hyperintense Bronchus Sign as a Fetal MRI Marker of Airway Obstruction.

Background Fetal MRI-based differential diagnosis of congenital lung malformations is difficult because of the paucity of well-described imaging markers. Purpose To characterize the hyperintense bronchus sign (HBS) in in vivo fetal MRI of congenital lung malformation cases. Materials and Methods In this retrospective two-center study, fetal MRI scans obtained in fetuses with congenital lung malformations at US (January 2002 to September 2018) were reviewed for the HBS, a tubular or branching hyperintense structure within a lung lesion on T2-weighted images.

Circulating microRNAs 34a, 122, and 192 are linked to obesity-associated inflammation and metabolic disease in pediatric patients.

Background: Obesity-associated chronic low-grade inflammation leads to dysregulation of central lipid and glucose metabolism pathways leading to metabolic disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to control regulators of metabolic homeostasis. We aimed to assess the relationship of circulating miRNAs with inflammatory modulators and metabolic disorders in pediatric obesity.

A branched-chain amino acid-based metabolic score can predict liver fat in children and adolescents with severe obesity.

Background: Eighty percent of adolescents with severe obesity suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Non-invasive prediction models have been tested in adults, however, they performed poorly in paediatric populations.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate novel biomarkers for NAFLD and to develop a score that predicts liver fat in youth with severe obesity.

Subsequent MRI of pediatric patients after an adverse reaction to Gadolinium-based contrast agents.

Background: Gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans often must be used repeatedly in pediatric oncologic patients. Although GBCAs are usually well tolerated, severe and life-threatening allergic reactions might occur, which can result in overly cautions adherence to special precautions in patients.

Purpose: To evaluate the management of the reported GBCA-associated adverse reactions in subsequent contrast-enhanced MRIs in pediatric patients, distinguishing non-allergic and allergic reactions.

An anthropomorphic phantom representing a prematurely born neonate for digital x-ray imaging using 3D printing: Proof of concept and comparison of image quality from different systems.

An anthropomorphic phantom for image optimization in neonatal radiography was developed, and its usability in optimizing image acquisition and processing demonstrated. The phantom was designed to mimic a patient image of a prematurely born neonate. A clinical x-ray (neonate <1 kg) taken with an effective dose of 11 µSv on a needle-crystal storage phosphor system was retrospectively selected from anonymized images as an appropriate template representing a standard case in neonatology imaging.

Microvessel ultrasound of neonatal brain parenchyma: feasibility, reproducibility, and normal imaging features by superb microvascular imaging (SMI).

Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of superb microvascular imaging (SMI) of the neonatal brain and to describe normal imaging features.

Methods: We performed transcranial ultrasound with SMI in 19 healthy term-born neonates. SMI was done according to a structured examination protocol, using two linear 18 MHz and 14 MHz transducers.

Automated tube voltage selection in pediatric non-contrast chest CT.

Background: Modern CT scanners provide automatic dose adjustment systems, which are promising options for reducing radiation dose in pediatric CT scans. Their impact on patient dose, however, has not been investigated sufficiently thus far.

Objective: To evaluate automated tube voltage selection (ATVS) in combination with automated tube current modulation (ATCM) in non-contrast pediatric chest CT, with regard to the diagnostic image quality.

Hand MRI and the Greulich-Pyle atlas in skeletal age estimation in adolescents.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of hand MRI in age assessment in adolescents using the Greulich-Pyle (GP) atlas criteria.

Materials And Methods: Two radiologists, who were blinded to the study subjects' chronologic ages, semi-objectively evaluated 1.5-T MRIs of the left hands of ten patients (13.

Monitoring of plexiform neurofibroma in children and adolescents with neurofibromatosis type 1 by [ F]FDG-PET imaging. Is it of value in asymptomatic patients?

Purpose: About 10% of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) develop malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNST) mostly arising in plexiform neurofibroma (PN); 15% of MPNST arise in children and adolescents. 2-[ F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([ F]FDG)-PET (where PET is positron emission tomography) is a sensitive method in differentiating PN and MPNST in symptomatic patients with NF-1. This study assesses the value of [ F]FDG-PET imaging in detecting malignant transformation in symptomatic and asymptomatic children with PN.

Design of a head phantom produced on a 3D rapid prototyping printer and comparison with a RANDO and 3M lucite head phantom in eye dosimetry applications.

An anthropomorphic head phantom including eye inserts allowing placement of TLDs 3 mm below the cornea has been produced on a 3D printer using a photo-cured acrylic resin to best allow tissue equivalence. Thus H(3) can be determined in radiological and interventional photon radiation fields. Eye doses and doses to the forehead have been compared to an Alderson RANDO head and a 3M Lucite skull phantom in terms of surface dose per incident air kerma for frontal irradiation since the commercial phantoms do not allow placement of TLDs 3 mm below the corneal surface.

Effect of staff training on radiation dose in pediatric CT.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of staff training on radiation doses applied in pediatric CT scans.

Methods: Pediatric patient doses from five CT scanners before (1426 scans) and after staff training (2566 scans) were compared statistically. Examinations included cranial CT (CCT), thoracic, abdomen-pelvis, and trunk scans.

Epididymal reflux in posterior urethral valves.

We report the findings of voiding cystourethrography in a boy with posterior urethral valves that showed reflux into the epididymis.

Imaging of insufficiency fractures.

This review focuses on the occurrence, imaging and differential diagnosis of insufficiency fractures. Prevalence, the most common sites of insufficiency fractures and their clinical implications are discussed. Insufficiency fractures occur with normal stress exerted on weakened bone.