Rare Cancer on the Rise: An Educational Review of Breast Implant-associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma.

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare but increasingly important diagnosis as the incidence of breast implant placement, both elective and reconstructive, continues to rise. When detected and treated early, this indolent disease carries an excellent prognosis. However, because the clinical presentation is often nonspecific, it is crucial for radiologists to accurately identify the imaging findings associated with BIA-ALCL to facilitate a timely diagnosis.

Cell-Proliferation Imaging for Monitoring Response to CDK4/6 Inhibition Combined with Endocrine-Therapy in Breast Cancer: Comparison of [F]FLT and [F]ISO-1 PET/CT.

Purpose: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors in combination with endocrine-therapy have emerged as an important regimen of care for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive metastatic breast cancer, although identifying predictive biomarkers remains a challenge. We assessed the ability of two PET-proliferation tracers, [F]FLT and [F]ISO-1, for evaluating response to CDK4/6-inhibitor (palbociclib) and ER-antagonist (fulvestrant).

Experimental Design: To determine the effect of CDK4/6 inhibition combined with estrogen-blockade, we assessed cell proliferation in six breast cancer cell lines after 1, 3, and 6 days of treatment with palbociclib and/or fulvestrant.

Imaging Tumor Proliferation in Breast Cancer: Current Update on Predictive Imaging Biomarkers.

Uncontrolled growth is a hallmark of cancer; imaging cell proliferation can provides an early indicator of therapeutic response. This capability is especially well-matched to the emerging cell cycle-specific chemotherapeutics with the goal of identifying patients that benefit from these treatments early in the course of treatment to guide personalized therapy. This article focuses on investigational cell proliferation imaging PET radiotracers to evaluate tumor proliferation in the setting of cell cycle-targeted chemotherapy and endocrine therapy for metastatic breast cancer.

Post-Whipple imaging in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: association with overall survival: a multivariate analysis.

Purpose: To compare the survival outcomes in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) who had regular imaging surveillance with those who had clinical follow-up after Whipple.

Method: We identified 229 patients, who underwent Whipple for resection of PDAC from 2005 to 2011, and had regular postoperative clinical follow-up at our hospital. Patients were retrospectively selected for two follow-up groups: imaging surveillance (IS) defined as routine imaging at scheduled intervals, vs.

Low-dose Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Stimulation Test as a Prognostic Incontinent Indicator in Boys With Bladder Exstrophy-epispadias Complex.

Objective: To investigate the effect of low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration on structural changes in the lower urinary tract in boys with urinary incontinence in the setting of bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC).

Patients And Methods: We prospectively evaluated 30 patients (median age 7.5 years) with BEEC and randomly divided them into 2 groups.

Prediction of 5-year survival in advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients based on computed tomography peritoneal carcinomatosis index.

Objective: To evaluate whether the quantification of peritoneal metastases in advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients using the peritoneal carcinomatosis index, detected by CT (CT-PCI), correlates with the serum levels of tumor marker CA-125 and 5-year survival.

Methods: The CT-PCI was determined in 82 patients with stage III or stage IV ovarian cancer using the Sugarbaker classification prior to cytoreductive surgery. Linear regression analysis was used to correlate CT-PCI and CA-125 levels.

Safety and Effectiveness of SAF-R, a Novel Patient Positioning Device for Robot-Assisted Pelvic Surgery in Trendelenburg Position.

Purpose: We found current robotic positioning devices to be inadequate and cumbersome. Furthermore, we realized there were no premarket well-designed studies to prove their safety and efficacy. In this prospective pilot study, we aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of a novel patient-positioning device (SAF-R) to secure the patient in Trendelenburg (T-burg) position for robot-assisted pelvic surgery.

Drainage-related ultrasonography (DRUS): a novel technique for discriminating obstructive and nonobstructive hydroureters in children.

Background: Despite advances in urologic imaging, the paucity of an optimal technique that accurately clarifies obstructive and nonobstructive hydroureter exists.

Objective: This study was conducted to introduce a novel and modified ultrasonographic technique, known as drainage-related ultrasonography (DRUS), discriminating obstructive and nonobstructive, nonrefluxing hydroureter.

Materials And Methods: A total of 358 children (mean age, 3.

Predictive Value of Chemical-Shift MRI in Distinguishing Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma From Non-Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and Minimal-Fat Angiomyolipoma.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of chemical-shift MRI in the differentiation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) from minimal-fat angiomyolipoma (AML) and non-clear cell RCC.

Materials And Methods: In this retrospective study, 97 patients with solid renal tumors without macroscopic fat and with a pathologic diagnosis of clear cell RCC (n = 40), non-clear cell RCC (n = 31), or minimal-fat AML (n = 26) who had undergone renal chemical-shift MRI were included. Size, location, morphology, and signal intensity (SI) of the tumors and the contralateral normal kidneys on T2-weighted and in-phase and opposed-phase images were recorded by readers blinded to the pathology.

Bladder reconstruction using scaffold-less autologous smooth muscle cell sheet engineering: early histological outcomes for autoaugmentation cystoplasty.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of a new approach for cystoplasty using autologous smooth muscle cell (SMC) sheet and scaffold-less bladder tissue engineering with the main focus on histological outcomes in a rabbit model.

Materials And Methods: In all, 24 rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. In the experimental group, SMCs were obtained from the bladder muscular layer, labelled with PKH-26, and seeded on temperature-responsive culture dishes.

Magnetic resonance imaging of pelvic metastases in male patients.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging offers a noninvasive tool for diagnosis of primary and metastatic pelvic tumors. The diagnosis of a pelvic metastatic lesion implies an adverse prognosis and dictates the management strategies. Knowledge of normal MR imaging anatomy of the pelvis and the signal characteristics of normal and abnormal structures is essential for accurate interpretation of pelvic MR imaging.

Enhanced primary tumor delineation in pancreatic adenocarcinoma using ultrasmall super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-ferumoxytol: an initial experience with histopathologic correlation.

Purpose: To evaluate the role of ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in delineating primary pancreatic tumors in patients undergoing preoperative neoadjuvant therapy.

Materials And Methods: Eight patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were enrolled in this study, and underwent MRI scans at baseline, immediate post, and at the 48 hour time point after ferumoxytol injection with quantitative T2* sequences. The patients were categorized into two groups; group A received preoperative neoadjuvant therapy and group B did not.

The application of tissue-engineered preputial matrix and fibrin sealant for urethral reconstruction in rabbit model.

Background: To introduce the role of fibrin sealant and preputial acellular matrix (PAM) as a new source of inert collagen matrix for urethral reconstruction.

Methods: A ventral urethral segmental defect was created in 24 male rabbits divided into four groups. In group 1 (G1), urethrotomy was closed in layers.

Depiction of celiac ganglia on positron emission tomography and computed tomography in patients with lung cancer.

Objective: To differentiate imaging characteristics of celiac ganglia from metastatic lesion on positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) in patients with lung cancer and correlate these findings to postmortem multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT).

Methods: One hundred twenty-nine patients were included. Imaging characteristics and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avidity of the celiac ganglia were recorded.

MDCT imaging of Alloderm biologic mesh spacers in the abdomen and pelvis--preliminary experience.

The purpose of this study was to assess the attenuation characteristics of the Alloderm Biologic Mesh Spacer (ABMS) in the abdomen and pelvis. Of nine patients with ABMS, five underwent multidetector computed tomographic scans at 1, 4, and 7 months postsurgery. Two patients underwent positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT).

Anal sphincter repair with muscle progenitor cell transplantation: serial assessment with iron oxide-enhanced MRI.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess homing of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-labeled muscle progenitor cells in an experimental rabbit model of anal sphincter repair using MRI.

Materials And Methods: Twelve rabbits underwent external anal sphincterotomy and randomly received injection of either autologous muscle progenitor cells labeled with USPIO at a concentration of 4 mg/10(6) cells (experimental group) or saline (control group) at the site of sphincter damage. In vivo MRI, electromyography, and manometry were performed before, 1 hour after, and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the injection.

Cystic renal cell carcinomas: do they grow, metastasize, or recur?

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the interval growth, tumor recurrence, and metastatic disease occurrence of cystic renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Materials And Methods: Pre-and posttreatment imaging of 47 histologically proven cystic RCCs, with at least 6 months of pretreatment imaging monitoring or at least 2 years of posttreatment imaging follow-up, or both, was retrospectively reviewed. Tumor morphologic features, preoperative growth, histologic typing and grading, and the incidence of tumor recurrence or metastasis were evaluated.

Imaging behavior of the normal adrenal on ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI: preliminary findings.

Objective: Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, such as ferumoxytol, produce decreased MR signal on susceptibility-inducing T2*-weighted sequences in tissues of the reticuloendothelial system. However, acute iron deposition in the adrenals has not been reported. The purpose of this article is to report our initial observations of the imaging behavior of the normal adrenals on ferumoxytol-enhanced T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

The spectrum of IgG4-related disease in the abdomen and pelvis.

Objective: IgG4-related disease was not recognized as a specific clinical entity until 2003 when extrapancreatic lesions were reported in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis. IgG4-related disease is characterized by elevated serum IgG4 levels and infiltration of the target organ by IgG4-positive plasma cells. The complete gamut of visceral involvement is still being outlined.

Is early colonoscopy beneficial in patients with CT-diagnosed diverticulitis?

Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish CT criteria as an indication for colonoscopy in patients with acute diverticulitis.

Materials And Methods: The study was composed of patients diagnosed with acute diverticulitis on contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) from January 2000 to December 2004. Patients without subsequent colonoscopy were excluded.

Preoperative evaluation of perinephric fat invasion in patients with renal cell carcinoma: correlation with pathological findings.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in predicting perinephric fat invasion. Preoperative CT and MRI scans of 109 patients were assessed retrospectively by two radiologists focusing on perinephric fat invasion. Findings were correlated with histopathology.

Incidental findings at initial imaging workup of patients with prostate cancer: clinical significance and outcomes.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the frequency and clinical relevance of incidental findings in patients with prostate cancer who underwent abdominopelvic contrast-enhanced CT examination for initial staging workup.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 355 initial staging abdominopelvic contrast-enhanced CT examinations conducted from January 2000 to December 2010 in patients with prostate cancer for incidental findings that were not related to prostate cancer. A finding was judged to be potentially significant if therapeutic intervention, additional imaging, or tissue sampling was deemed advisable.

Preliminary experience with Option inferior vena cava filter.

Objectives: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Option inferior vena cava (IVC) filter during placement and short-term follow-up.

Methods: A total of 165 patients (mean age: 60-years) who received Option IVC filter from June 2009 to July 2011 were included. In all, 42 patients presented with deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 26 with pulmonary embolism (PE), and 17 with both.

Na(+)-H+ exchange inhibition attenuates ischemic injury in rat random pattern skin flap: the role of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels.

Necrosis of distal portion of skin flaps due to ischemia still remains a problem in plastic surgery. Following ischemia, a cascade of deleterious events including over-activity of Na(+)-H(+) Exchanger (NHE) takes place. In present study we evaluated the effect of the potent NHE inhibitor, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) on ischemic tissue injury in a skin flap model, and investigated the role of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) channels (K(ATP)) in this phenomenon.