Adropin increases with swimming exercise and exerts a protective effect on the brain of aged rats.

Adropin is a protein in the brain that decreases with age. Exercise has a protective effect on the endothelium by increasing the level of adropin in circulation. In this study, whether adropin, whose level in the brain decreases with age, may increase with swimming exercise, and exhibit a protective effect was investigated.

Vortioxetine ameliorates motor and cognitive impairments in the rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease via targeting TLR-2 mediated neuroinflammation.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms associated with dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic injury. Vortioxetine is a multimodal serotonergic antidepressant with potential procognitive effects. This study aimed to explore the effects of vortioxetine on motor functions, spatial learning and memory, and depression-like behavior in the rotenone-induced rat model of PD.

Effects of adropin on learning and memory in rats tested in the Morris water maze.

Adropin is a secreted peptide, which is composed of 43 amino acids and shows an effective role in regulating energy metabolism and insulin resistance. Motor coordination and locomotor activity were improved by adropin in the cerebellum. However, it is not known whether adropin administration has an effect on spatial learning and memory.

Role of melatonin in TLR4-mediated inflammatory pathway in the MTPT-induced mouse model.

Neuroinflammation has an essential role in various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglial activation as a result of neuroinflammation exacerbates the pathological consequences of the disease. The toxic effect of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) causes alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) accumulation, which leads to dopaminergic neuron death in the MPTP-induced mouse model.

Neuropeptide-S affects cognitive impairment and depression-like behavior on MPTP induced experimental mouse model of Parkinson’s disease.

Background/aim: The present study proposes to investigate the effect of neuropeptide–S (NPS) on cognitive functions and depression-like behavior of MPTP-induced experimental model of Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Materials And Methods: Three-month-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups as; Control, Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and MPTP + NPS 0.1 nmol (received intraperitoneal injection of MPTP and intracerebroventricular injection of NPS, 0.

Neuropeptide-S prevents 6-OHDA-induced gastric dysmotility in rats.

This study aims to explore the effect of chronic central neuropeptide-S (NPS) treatment on gastrointestinal dysmotility and the changes of cholinergic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) of a Parkinson's disease (PD) rat model. The PD model was induced through a unilateral medial forebrain bundle (MFB) administration of the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Locomotor activity (LMA), solid gastric emptying (GE), and gastrointestinal transit (GIT) were measured 7 days after the surgery.

Protective mechanism of Syringic acid in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease.

6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a widely used chemical to model Parkinson's disease (PD) in rats. Syringic acid (SA) is a polyphenolic compound which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective role of SA in a rat model of 6-OHDA-induced PD.

The effect of chronic neuropeptide-S treatment on non-motor parameters in experimental model of Parkinson's disease.

Aim: Besides motor impairment, non-motor symptoms including cognitive decline, anxiety, and depression are observed in Parkinson's Disease (PD). The aim of this study was to investigate whether chronic administration of central neuropeptide-S (NPS) improves non-motor symptoms in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced parkinsonian rats.

Material And Methods: Experimental PD was utilized by unilateral stereotaxic injection of the 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), while the sham-operated animals underwent the same surgical procedures.

Metformin protects rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration by reducing lipid peroxidation.

Background: Metformin, a widely prescribed antidiabetic drug, has been suggested to have a neuroprotective effect on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity in mice. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective potential of metformin against rotenone-induced dopaminergic neuron damage and its underlying mechanisms.

Methods: C57BL/6 mice were given saline or rotenone (2.

Central neuropeptide-S treatment improves neurofunctions of 6-OHDA-induced Parkinsonian rats.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (SN). The motor symptoms of PD include tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural impairment. In rodents, central administration of neuropeptide-S (NPS) has been shown to induce locomotor activity, dopamine release and neuronal survival by decreasing lipid peroxidation, additionally, the NPS receptor (NPSR) was detected in SN.

The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on apelin distribution of nervous system in the experimental mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the human central and peripheral nervous systems. n-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22: 6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as well as apelin have anti-inflammatory effects in various cells. At the same time, apelin has anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects.

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation induced by docosahexaenoic acid protects dopaminergic neurons in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to have beneficial effects on Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to investigate if the DHA acts on neurons of substantia nigra (SN) by phosphorylation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in an experimental mouse model of PD.

Material And Methods: An experimental model of PD was created by intraperitoneal injections (4 × 20 mg/kg) of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP).

The protective mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid in mouse model of Parkinson: The role of hemeoxygenase.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (SN). Its major clinical symptoms are tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid for neural functions that resides within the neural membrane.

The effect of ingested sulfite on active avoidance in normal and sulfite oxidase-deficient aged rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible toxic effects of sulfite on neurons by measuring active avoidance learning in normal and sulfite oxidase (SOX)-deficient aged rats. Twenty-four months of age Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (C), sulfite-treated group (S), SOX-deficient group (D) and SOX-deficient + sulfite-treated group (DS). SOX deficiency was established by feeding rats with a low molybdenum (Mo) diet and adding 200 ppm tungsten (W) to their drinking water.

Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to extremely low-frequency electric fields on mismatch negativity component of the auditory event-related potentials: Relation to oxidative stress.

In our previous study, the developmental effects of extremely low-frequency electric fields (ELF-EF) on visual and somatosensory evoked potentials in adult rats were studied. There is no study so far examining the effects of 50 Hz electric field (EF) on mismatch negativity (MMN) recordings after exposure of rats during development. Therefore, our present study aimed to investigate MMN and oxidative brain damage in rats exposed to EF (12 kV/m, 1 h/day).

2100-MHz electromagnetic fields have different effects on visual evoked potentials and oxidant/antioxidant status depending on exposure duration.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the duration effects of 2100-MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) on visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and to assess lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO) production and antioxidant status of EMF exposed rats. Rats were randomized to following groups: Sham rats (S1 and S10) and rats exposed to 2100-MHz EMF (E1 and E10) for 2h/day for 1 or 10 weeks, respectively. At the end of experimental periods, VEPs were recorded under anesthesia.

Effects of rosmarinic acid on cognitive and biochemical alterations in ovariectomized rats treated with D-galactose.

Introduction: Animal models designed to mimic certain features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) can help us to increase our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease. Previous studies have revealed that long-term D-galactose injection combined with ovariectomy results in pathophysiologic alterations associated with AD. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) administration on pathological changes associated with ovariectomy and D-galactose injection, which serve as a two-insult model for AD.

The Effect of Magnesium on Visual Evoked Potentials in L-NAME-Induced Hypertensive Rats.

In the literature, although there are many studies regarding complications of hypertension, information concerning its influence on visual evoked potentials (VEPs) is limited. This study aims to clarify the possible therapeutic effects of the preferential magnesium (Mg) treatment on VEPs in an experimental hypertension model. Rats were divided into four groups as follows: control, Mg treated (Mg), N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) hypertension, and L-NAME hypertension + Mg treated (L-NAME + Mg).

The developmental effects of extremely low frequency electric fields on visual and somatosensory evoked potentials in adult rats.

The purpose of our study was to investigate the developmental effects of extremely low frequency electric fields (ELF-EFs) on visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) and to examine the relationship between lipid peroxidation and changes of these potentials. In this context, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were determined as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Wistar albino female rats were divided into four groups; Control (C), gestational (prenatal) exposure (Pr), gestational+ postnatal exposure (PP) and postnatal exposure (Po) groups.

The effect of ingested sulfite on visual evoked potentials, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant status of brain in normal and sulfite oxidase-deficient aged rats.

Sulfite, commonly used as a preservative in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals, is a very reactive and potentially toxic molecule which is detoxified by sulfite oxidase (SOX). Changes induced by aging may be exacerbated by exogenous chemicals like sulfite. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ingested sulfite on visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and brain antioxidant statuses by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities.

Mechanism of the beneficial effect of melatonin in experimental Parkinson's disease.

This study aimed to elucidate locomotor activity changes in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced Parkinson's disease (PD) and investigate the possible beneficial effects of melatonin on altered levels of locomotor activity, cyclooxygenase (COX), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), nitrate/nitrite and apoptosis. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: vehicle (V), melatonin-treated (M), 6-OHDA-injected (6-OHDA), 6-OHDA-injected + melatonin-treated (6-OHDA-Mel) and melatonin treated + 6-OHDA-injected (Mel-6-OHDA). Melatonin was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 30 days in M and Mel-6-OHDA groups, for 7 days in 6-OHDA-Mel group.

The relationship between oxidative stress markers and visual evoked potentials in different hypertension models.

Objective: We aimed to define the influence of different hypertension models on lipid peroxidation markers [conjugated dienes (CD) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS)], antioxidant protection [paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity] and visual evoked potential (VEP) changes in rats.

Methods: The study was designed as four different hypertension models. Rats (n=84) were divided equally into six groups: Control group (C), Sham operated (Sham), Two kidney-one clip (2K-1C), One kidney-one clip (1K-1C), Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and N-omega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME).

The role of nitric oxide on visual-evoked potentials in MPTP-induced Parkinsonism in mice.

The present study aimed to elucidate visual evoked potentials (VEP) changes in MPTP induced Parkinson's disease (PD) and investigate the possible benefical effects of neuronal (n) and inducible (i) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors on altered VEPs, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis. 3 months old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups which included control (C), 7-nitra indazole treated (7-NI), S-methylisothiourea (SMT) treated, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treated, 7-NI+MPTP treated and SMT+MPTP treated. Motor activity of mice was evaluated via the pole test.

Merit of quinacrine in the decrease of ingested sulfite-induced toxic action in rat brain.

We aimed at investigating the effects of sulfite-induced lipid peroxidation and apoptosis mediated by secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) on somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) alterations in rats. Thirty male albino Wistar rats were randomized into three experimental groups as follows; control (C), sodium metabisulfite treated (S), sodium metabisulfite+quinacrine treated (SQ). Sodium metabisulfite (100 mg/kg/day) was given by gastric gavage for 5 weeks and 10 mg/kg/day quinacrine was applied as a single dose of intraperitoneal injection for the same period.

The effect of different strengths of extremely low-frequency electric fields on antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation, and visual evoked potentials.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of extremely low-frequency electric field (ELF EF) on visual evoked potential (VEP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidant stress index (OSI). Thirty female Wistar rats, aged 3 months, were divided into three equal groups: Control (C), the group exposed to EF at 12 kV/m strength (E12), and the group exposed to EF at 18 kV/m strength (E18). Electric field was applied to the E12 and E18 groups for 14 days (1 h/day).