Diversity and community structure of anaerobic gut fungi in the rumen of wild and domesticated herbivores.

The rumen houses a diverse community that plays a major role in the digestion process in ruminants. Anaerobic gut fungi (AGF) are key contributors to plant digestion in the rumen. Here, we present a global amplicon-based survey of the rumen AGF mycobiome by examining 206 samples from 15 animal species, 15 countries, and 6 continents.

Integrating Microbiome Analysis, Metabolomics, Bioinformatics, and Histopathology to Elucidate the Protective Effects of Pomegranate Juice against Benzo-alpha-pyrene-Induced Colon Pathologies.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), are common dietary pollutants with potential carcinogenic activity, while polyphenols are potential chemopreventive antioxidants.

Patterns and determinants of the global herbivorous mycobiome.

Despite their role in host nutrition, the anaerobic gut fungal (AGF) component of the herbivorous gut microbiome remains poorly characterized. Here, to examine global patterns and determinants of AGF diversity, we generate and analyze an amplicon dataset from 661 fecal samples from 34 mammalian species, 9 families, and 6 continents. We identify 56 novel genera, greatly expanding AGF diversity beyond current estimates (31 genera and candidate genera).

Advanced approaches for endotoxin detection and removal from snake antivenoms.

A comprehensive assessment of the literature on strategies for the detection and removing endotoxin from biotechnological preparations was conducted. This study highlighted the brief history of endotoxin. After that, a review of endotoxin's chemical and physical features, as well as its pathophysiological consequences when the body is exposed to LPS excessively or systemically, is presented.

Immunological characterization of the chemically prepared ghosts of Salmonella Typhimurium as a vaccine candidate.

Background: Bacterial ghosts are the evacuated bacterial cellular membranes from most of the genetic and protein contents which preserved their surface characters. Recently, bacterial ghosts exploited for different biomedical applications, for instance, vaccination. The purpose of this study is to measure the immunogenic protective response of bacterial ghosts of Salmonella Typhimurium in animals and to allow future testing this response in humans.

Draft genome sequence of a prodigiosin-hyperproducing Serratia marcescens strain isolated from Cairo, Egypt.

Serratia marcescens is a Gram-negative bacterium with both environmental and host-associated strains. Pigmentation is reportedly inversely correlated with infection frequency, and prodigiosin is one of Serratia pigments that has medical and industrial applications. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of prodigiosin-hyperproducing Serratia marcescens strain N2, isolated from Cairo, Egypt.

Chlorhexidine leads to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Antimicrobial resistance is a major public-health concern. We evaluate chlorhexidine role in selection of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants and their antibiotic cross-resistance. Mutation frequency and mutation rate after short-term exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of chlorhexidine were compared to those after spontaneous chlorhexidine-exposure, in P.

Phenotype-Genotype Characterization and Antibiotic-Resistance Correlations Among Colonizing and Infectious Methicillin-Resistant Recovered from Intensive Care Units.

Introduction: Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) presents a profound hazard to public health. MRSA colonizing skin, mucous membranes, and the anterior nares without clinical symptoms is termed "colonizing MRSA". Upon manifestation of clinical symptoms, it is termed "infectious MRSA".

Association of Polymorphism in Survivin Gene and the Risk of Liver Cancer Resulting from Hepatitis C Virus Among Egyptian Patients.

Background: This study aims to investigate the relation between Survivin gene polymorphisms and the risk of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) resulting from hepatitis C infection among the Egyptian population.

Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 164 patients, 57 patients were diagnosed with hepatitis C, where 57 were diagnosed with HCC in addition to 50 healthy volunteers as controls. Genotyping for Survivin rs1042489 and rs8073069 single nucleotide polymorphisms was carried out by the allelic discrimination Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms genotyping technology.

Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Water and Sediment Nile Microbial Community Along an Urban Metropolis.

Assessing microbial identity, diversity, and community structure could be a valuable tool for monitoring the impact of xenobiotics and anthropogenic inputs in rivers, especially in urban and industrial settings. Here, we characterize the Nile River microbial community in water and sediments in summer and winter at five locations that span its natural flow through the Cairo metropolis. 16S rRNA gene datasets were analyzed to identify the role played by sample type (sediment versus water), season, and location in shaping the community, as well as to predict functional potential of the Nile River microbiome.

Salmonella-innovative targeting carrier: Loading with doxorubicin for cancer treatment.

Cell- based targeted delivery is recently gain attention as a promising platform for delivery of anticancer drug in selective and efficient manner. As a new biotechnology platform, bacterial ghosts (BGs) have novel biomedical application as targeted drug delivery system (TDDS). In the current work, Salmonellas' BGs was utilized for the first time as hepatocellular cancer (HCC) targeted delivery system.

Digging Deeper into Precision/Personalized Medicine: Cracking the Sugar Code, the Third Alphabet of Life, and Sociomateriality of the Cell.

Precision/personalized medicine is a hot topic in health care. Often presented with the motto "the right drug, for the right patient, at the right dose, and the right time," precision medicine is a theory for rational therapeutics as well as practice to individualize health interventions (e.g.

Comparative Genome-Scale Metabolic Modeling of Metallo-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolates.

The emergence and spread of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant (MDR) is a serious public health threat, which is further complicated by the increased prevalence of colistin resistance. The link between antimicrobial resistance acquired by strains of and their unique metabolic capabilities has not been determined. Here, we reconstruct genome-scale metabolic models for 22 strains with various resistance profiles to different antibiotics, including two strains exhibiting colistin resistance isolated from Cairo, Egypt.

Draft Genome Sequences of Four Metallo-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates, Including Two Colistin-Resistant Strains, from Cairo, Egypt.

The emergence and spread of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae are a serious public health threat. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of four K. pneumoniae strains isolated from Cairo, Egypt, including two panresistant colistin-resistant strains.

A Validation Study of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test as an End-Product Endotoxin Test for Polyvalent Horse Snake Antivenom.

The only definitive management of snake envenoming is the use of snake antivenom. Endotoxin contamination is a serious threat to the safe use of parenteral drugs. A greater understanding of the nature of limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test interference and use of permissible dilutions has minimized enhancement problems.

A novel protocol for bacterial ghosts' preparation using tween 80.

Bacterial ghosts (BGs) can be prepared by both genetic and chemical means. Genetic method include using lysis gene . Chemical method include incubation with numerous agents for a short time at their minimum inhibitory or minimum growth concentrations (MIC or MGC).

The Nile River Microbiome Reveals a Remarkably Stable Community Between Wet and Dry Seasons, and Sampling Sites, in a Large Urban Metropolis (Cairo, Egypt).

World freshwater supplies are in need of microbiome diversity analyses as a first step to future ecological studies, and to monitor water safety and quality. The Nile is a major north-flowing river in Africa that displays both spatial and temporal variations in its water quality. Here, we present the first microbiome analysis of the Nile River water in two seasons: (1) summer representing the wet season, and (2) winter representing the dry season, as sampled around Cairo, the capital of Egypt.

Biofilm formation in enterococci: genotype-phenotype correlations and inhibition by vancomycin.

Enterococci are nosocomial pathogens that can form biofilms, which contribute to their virulence and antibiotic resistance. Although many genes involved in biofilm formation have been defined, their distribution among enterococci has not been comprehensively studied on a genome scale, and their diagnostic ability to predict biofilm phenotypes is not fully established. Here, we assessed the biofilm-forming ability of 90 enterococcal clinical isolates.

Optimization of prodigiosin production by using crude glycerol and enhancing production using gamma radiation.

Prodigiosin is a red pigment produced by . Prodigiosin is regarded as a promising drug owing to its reported characteristics of possessing anti-microbial, anti-cancer, and immunosuppressive activity. A factorial design was applied to generate a set of 32 experimental combinations to study the optimal conditions for pigment production using crude glycerol obtained from local biodiesel facility as carbon source for the growth of .

Development and evaluation of a novel vaccine against prevalent invasive multi-drug resistant strains of .

is a pathogen that causes serious invasive infections, such as septicemia, meningitis and pneumonia in addition to mild upper respiratory tract infections. Protection from pneumococcal diseases is thought to be mediated mainly by serotype-specific antibodies to capsular antigens. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine consists of sugars (polysaccharides) from the capsule of the bacterium that are conjugated to a carrier protein.

The secretome of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 type II secretion system reveals a novel plasmid encoded phospholipase that could be implicated in lung colonization.

Acinetobacter baumannii infections are compounded with a striking lack of treatment options. In many Gram-negative bacteria, secreted proteins play an important early role in avoiding host defences. Typically, these proteins are targeted to the external environment or into host cells using dedicated transport systems.

Emergence of Neoteric Serotypes Among Multidrug Resistant Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae Prevalent in Egypt.

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is still one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The prevalent serotype distribution had shown variation along different studies conducted at different time intervals. In order to efficiently assess the epidemiology of the diseases for effective preventive and treatment strategies, serotype prevalence need to be periodically reassessed.

Utilization of Crude Glycerol as a Substrate for the Production of Rhamnolipid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Biosurfactants are produced by bacteria or yeast utilizing different substrates as sugars, glycerol, or oils. They have important applications in the detergent, oil, and pharmaceutical industries. Glycerol is the product of biodiesel industry and the existing glycerol market cannot accommodate the excess amounts generated; consequently, new markets for refined glycerol need to be developed.

Optimization of rhamnolipid production by biodegrading bacterial isolates using Plackett-Burman design.

Biosurfactants are biological surfactants produced by microorganisms. Pseudomonas species are well known for the production of the rhamnolipid biosurfactant. In this work, the production of rhamnolipid biosurfactant by Pseudomonas spp.

Quality Control Testing for Tracking Endotoxin-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria during the Preparation of Polyvalent Snake Antivenom Immunoglobulin.

Unlabelled: Snake bites represent a serious public health problem, particularly in rural areas worldwide. Antitoxic sera preparations are antibodies from immunized animals and are considered to be the only treatment option. The purification of antivenom antibodies should aim at obtaining products of consistent quality, safety, efficacy, and adherence to good manufacturing practice principles.