The Duration of Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation (OGD) Determines the Effects of Subsequent Reperfusion on Rat Pheochromocytoma (PC12) Cells and Primary Cortical Neurons.

Reperfusion is the fundamental treatment for ischaemic stroke; however, many ischaemic stroke patients cannot undergo reperfusion treatment. Furthermore, reperfusion can cause ischaemic reperfusion injuries. This study aimed to determine the effects of reperfusion in an in vitro ischaemic stroke model-oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) (0.

In-vivo platelet activation and aggregation during and after acute atherothrombotic myocardial infarction in patients with and without Type-2 diabetes mellitus treated with ticagrelor.

Introduction: Patients with type-2 diabetes are twice as likely to suffer from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and have a higher incidence of recurrent events than their non-diabetic counterparts. Ticagrelor is a platelet inhibitor known to reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in AMI patients. This study measures the level and change in platelet activation and aggregation at the time of and following an AMI in patients with and without diabetes treated with ticagrelor.

Astrocyte Activation in Neurovascular Damage and Repair Following Ischaemic Stroke.

Transient or permanent loss of tissue perfusion due to ischaemic stroke can lead to damage to the neurovasculature, and disrupt brain homeostasis, causing long-term motor and cognitive deficits. Despite promising pre-clinical studies, clinically approved neuroprotective therapies are lacking. Most studies have focused on neurons while ignoring the important roles of other cells of the neurovascular unit, such as astrocytes and pericytes.

Characterizing Ischaemic Tolerance in Rat Pheochromocytoma (PC12) Cells and Primary Rat Neurons.

Preconditioning tissue with sublethal ischaemia or hypoxia can confer tolerance (protection) against subsequent ischaemic challenge. In vitro ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) is typically achieved through oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD), whereas hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) involves oxygen deprivation (OD) alone. Here, we report the effects of preconditioning of OGD, OD or glucose deprivation (GD) in ischaemic tolerance models with PC12 cells and primary rat neurons.

Flow cytometric evaluation of platelet-leukocyte conjugate stability over time: methodological implications of sample handling and processing.

Platelet activation and subsequent aggregation is a vital component of atherothrombosis resulting in acute myocardial infarction. Therefore, quantifying platelet aggregation is a valuable measure for elucidating the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Circulating platelet-monocyte conjugates (PMC) as determined by flow cytometry (FCM) are an important measure of in vivo platelet aggregation.

Author Correction: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors induce autophagy and have a protective effect in an in-vitro ischaemia model.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Reactive Oxygen Species Formation in the Brain at Different Oxygen Levels: The Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factors.

Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is the master oxygen sensor within cells and is central to the regulation of cell responses to varying oxygen levels. HIF activation during hypoxia ensures optimum ATP production and cell integrity, and is associated both directly and indirectly with reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. HIF activation can either reduce ROS formation by suppressing the function of mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), or increase ROS formation via NADPH oxidase (NOX), a target gene of HIF pathway.

Provision of Rehabilitation Services in Residential Care Facilities: Evidence From a National Survey.

Objective: To examine the association between organizational factors and provision of rehabilitation services that include physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) in residential care facilities (RCFs) in the United States.

Design: A cross-sectional, observational study conducted using a national sample from the 2010 National Survey of Residential Care Facilities conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics.

Settings: U.