Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of acute diarrheal disease and pneumonia among under 5 children in Ethiopia- A database study.

COVID-19 has had a devastating impact on preventable and treatable pediatric diseases in Ethiopia. This study looks at the impact of COVID-19 on pneumonia and acute diarrheal diseases in the country, as well as the differences between administrative regions. In Ethiopia, we conducted a retrospective pre-post study to assess the impact of COVID-19 on children under the age of five who had acute diarrhea and pneumonia and were treated in health facilities during the pre-COVID-19 era (March 2019 to February 2020) and the COVID-19 era (March 2020 to February 2021).

Effect of Package of Interventions on the Use and Quality of Postpartum Family Planning Services at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College (Y12HMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Background: Postpartum Family Planning (PPFP), which aims to prevent high risk unintended and closely spaced pregnancies during the first year following childbirth, is one of the highest impact interventions to avoid increased risk of premature birth, low birth weight, fetal and neonatal death, and adverse maternal health outcomes. This study aimed to assess the combined effect of a package of interventions on the use and quality of PPFP services at Y12HMC, Addis Ababa Ethiopia.

Method: Cross-sectional study design was conducted to evaluate the effect of the package of chosen interventions: creating a private counseling space near the postpartum ward and providing training for health care providers on the WHO decision tool kit and Long Acting Contraceptive Methods (LACM).

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) post-exposure prophylaxis among healthcare workers of governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) among healthcare workers in government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Methods: A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2022. The lottery method of a simple random sampling technique was used to select six government hospitals.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on TB prevention and care in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a retrospective database study.

Objective: The current COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia could cause severe dysfunction in tuberculosis (TB) treatment, diagnostic services, and prevention and control efforts. In this study, we evaluated the effect of COVID-19 on TB service indicators in Addis Ababa, where more than two-thirds of the country's COVID-19 morbidity was recorded.

Design: We performed a comparative retrospective study to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on TB services during the pre-COVID-19 era (from April 2019 to March 2020) and the COVID-19 era (from April 2020 to March 2021) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Guideline Recommendations for Empirical Antimicrobial Therapy: An Appraisal of Research Evidence for Clinical Decision-Making in Ethiopia.

Introduction: The rapid spread of drug resistance is forcing standard treatment guidelines (STGs) to become more appropriate with due consideration of the evidence on the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) situation in Ethiopia. Therefore, we aimed to assess the local AMR recommendations in the STGs for empirical antibacterial prescriptions for the five common infectious syndromes. We also determined the quality of AMR reviews conducted in the country.

Maternal and neonatal services in Ethiopia: measuring and improving quality.

Problem: Maternal and neonatal mortality remains high in low- and middle-income countries, with poor quality of intrapartum care as a barrier to further progress.

Approach: We developed and tested a method of measuring the quality of maternal and neonatal care that could be embedded in a larger national performance management initiative. The tool used direct observations and medical record reviews to score quality in nine domains of intrapartum care.

Mechanistic Investigation of Molybdate-Catalysed Transfer Hydrodeoxygenation.

The molybdate-catalysed transfer hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of benzyl alcohol to toluene driven by oxidation of the solvent isopropyl alcohol to acetone has been investigated by using a combination of experimental and computational methods. A Hammett study that compared the relative rates for the transfer HDO of five para-substituted benzylic alcohols was carried out. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest a transition state with significant loss of aromaticity contributes to the lack of linearity observed in the Hammett study.

Testing computational models of hyperpolarizability in a merocyanine dye using spectroscopic and DFT methods.

The structural and electronic properties of a highly solvatochromic merocyanine dye, 2-(3-cyano-5,5-dimethyl-4-(3-(1-octadecylpyridin-4(1H)-ylidene)prop-1-enyl)furan-2(5H)-ylidene)malononitrile (pyr3pi), have been investigated using UV-vis, NMR, hyper-Rayleigh scattering, and Raman spectroscopies and further interpreted using computational chemistry. Spectroscopic data indicate that pyr3pi exists in its zwitterionic form even in low polarity solvents with electronic absorption spectra showing a hypsochromic shift with an increase in solvent polarity and NMR experiments indicating an increasingly zwitterionic structure in chloroform as the temperature is lowered. Raman spectra in increasingly polar solvents show small variations of the structure that are consistent with a change toward a structure with more zwitterionic character.

Symmetrical and nonsymmetrical chromophores with Tröger's base skeleton: chiroptical, linear, and quadratic nonlinear optical properties--a joint theoretical and experimental study.

We report on the novel chiral push-pull chromophores derived from 6H,12H-5,11-methanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine (Tröger's base skeleton). The synthesis of symmetrical chromophores featuring two identical acceptors, as well as the synthesis of unsymmetrical chromophores featuring only one acceptor is given. Symmetrical chromophores were prepared in the enantiomerically pure form and their chiroptical properties were investigated.

Length-dependent convergence and saturation behavior of electrochemical, linear optical, quadratic nonlinear optical, and cubic nonlinear optical properties of dipolar alkynylruthenium complexes with oligo(phenyleneethynylene) bridges.

The syntheses of trans-[Ru{4,4'-C[triple bond]CC(6)H(2)[2,5-(OEt)(2)]C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)NO(2)}Cl(dppm)(2)] (19), trans-[Ru{4,4',4''-C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(2)[2,5-(OEt)(2)]C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)NO(2)}Cl(dppm)(2)] (20), trans-[Ru{4,4',4'',4'''-C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(2)[2,5-(OEt)(2)]C[triple bond]CC(6)H(2)[2,5-(OEt)(2)]C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)NO(2)}Cl(dppe)(2)] (21), trans-[Ru{4,4',4'',4'''-C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(2)[2,5-(OEt)(2)]C[triple bond]CC(6)H(2)[2,5-(OEt)(2)]C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)NO(2)}Cl(dppm)(2)] (22), trans-[Ru{4,4',4'',4'''-C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(2)[2,5-(OEt)(2)]C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)NO(2)}Cl(dppm)(2)] (23), and trans-[Ru{4,4',4'',4''',4''''-C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(2)[2,5-(OEt)(2)]C[triple bond]CC(6)H(2)[2,5-(OEt)(2)]C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)NO(2)}Cl(dppm)(2)] (24) are reported, together with those of precursor alkynes, complexes with the donor-pi-bridge-acceptor formulation that affords efficient quadratic and cubic NLO compounds; the identity of 19 was confirmed by a structural study. The electrochemical properties of 19-24 and related complexes with shorter pi-bridge ligands were assessed by cyclic voltammetry, and the linear optical, quadratic nonlinear optical, and cubic nonlinear optical properties were assayed by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, hyper-Rayleigh scattering studies at 1064 and 1300 nm, and broad spectral range femtosecond Z-scan studies, respectively. The Ru(II/III) oxidation potentials and wavelengths of the optical absorption maxima decrease on pi-bridge lengthening, until the tri(phenyleneethynylene) complex is reached, further chain lengthening leaving these parameters invariant; theoretical studies employing time-dependent density functional theory have shed light on this behavior.

Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics. 43. Quadratic optical nonlinearities of dipolar alkynylruthenium complexes with phenyleneethynylene/phenylenevinylene bridges.

The syntheses of trans-[Ru(4,4'-C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)NO(2))Cl(dppe)(2)] (19) and the systematically varied complexes trans-[Ru(4,4',4''-C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)X(2)C(6)H(4)Y(2)C(6)H(4)NO(2))Cl(L(2))(2)] [L(2) = dppe, X(2) = C[triple bond]C, Y(2) = (E)-CH=CH (12), C[triple bond]C (18); L(2) = dppe, X(2) = (E)-CH=CH, Y(2) = C[triple bond]C (14), (E)-CH=CH (16); L(2) = dppm, X(2) = C[triple bond]C, Y(2) = (E)-CH=CH (13); L(2) = dppm, X(2) = (E)-CH=CH, Y(2) = C[triple bond]C (15), (E)-CH=CH (17)] are reported, the latter being donor-bridge-acceptor complexes varying in bridge composition by replacement of yne with E-ene linkages, together with their cyclic voltammetric data, linear optical, and quadratic nonlinear optical response data. Ru(II/III) oxidation potentials increase on replacing yne linkage by E-ene linkage at the phenylene adjacent to the metal center, and on replacing dppe by dppm co-ligands. The low-energy optical absorption maxima occur in the region 20,400-23,300 cm(-1) and are metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) in origin; these bands undergo a blue-shift upon pi-bridge lengthening by addition of phenyleneethynylene units, and on replacing E-ene linkages by yne linkages.

Alkynyl expanded donor-acceptor calixarenes: geometry and second-order nonlinear optical properties.

A number of wide- and narrow-rimmed functionalized alkynylcalix[4]arenes have been synthesized by Sonogashira coupling. With respect to their optical properties, these donor-acceptor systems are treated as ensembles of covalently linked, electronically independent tolane subchromophores. Linear UV/visible and fluorescence spectroscopic investigations revealed that the charge-transfer character of the electronic transitions in calixarenes, and also the second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties depend on the electron-withdrawing nature of the terminal ethynylphenyl substituent (NO(2), CF(3), H).