Lymphatic Transport and Immune Activation Effect by Locally Administered Extracellular Vesicles from Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Biocompatible Vaccine Adjuvants.

The yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an eukaryotic organism that has been widely used for the production of fermented foods. Most cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), small particles composed of lipid membranes. Elucidating the role of EVs as a new intercellular communication system and developing novel EV-based therapies have attracted the increased attention of researchers.

Functional Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae as a Novel Vaccine Material for Immune Cell Maturation.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encapsulate various bioactive molecules, and much effort has been directed towards developing a novel EV-based therapy. Although recent studies reported the secretion of EVs from probiotics baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), their properties and functions remain obscure.

Characterizing Different Probiotic-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Novel Adjuvant for Immunotherapy.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from probiotics, defined as live microorganisms with beneficial effects on the host, are expected to be new nanomaterials for EV-based therapy. To clarify the usability of probiotic-derived EVs in terms of EV-based therapy, we systematically evaluated their characteristics, including the yield, physicochemical properties, the cellular uptake mechanism, and biological functions, using three different types of probiotics: , and WCFS1. secreted the largest amounts of EVs, whereas all the EVs showed comparable particle sizes and zeta potentials, ranging from 100 to 150 nm and -8 to -10 mV, respectively.

Nanoscale-Barrier Formation Induced by Low-Dose Electron-Beam Exposure in Ultrathin MoS Transistors.

Utilizing an innovative combination of scanning-probe and spectroscopic techniques, supported by first-principles calculations, we demonstrate how electron-beam exposure of field-effect transistors, implemented from ultrathin molybdenum disulfide (MoS), may cause nanoscale structural modifications that in turn significantly modify the electrical operation of these devices. Quite surprisingly, these modifications are induced by even the relatively low electron doses used in conventional electron-beam lithography, which are found to induce compressive strain in the atomically thin MoS. Likely arising from sulfur-vacancy formation in the exposed regions, the strain gives rise to a local widening of the MoS bandgap, an idea that is supported both by our experiment and by the results of first-principles calculations.

Dicarboxylic acids with limited numbers of hydrocarbons stabilize cell membrane and increase osmotic resistance in rat erythrocytes.

We examined the effect of dicarboxylic acids having 0 to 6 hydrocarbons and their corresponding monocarboxylic or tricarboxylic acids in changing the osmotic fragility (OF) in rat red blood cells (RBCs). Malonic, succinic, glutaric and adipic acids, which are dicarboxylic acids with 1, 2, 3 and 4 straight hydrocarbons located between two carboxylic groups, decreased the OF in a concentration-dependent manner. Other long-chain dicarboxylic acids did not change the OF in rat RBCs.