The fibrous tapetum of the horse eye.

The tapetum lucidum is a light-reflective tissue in the eyes of many animals. Many ungulates have a fibrous tapetum. The horse has one of the largest eyes of any living animal and also has excellent vision in low-light environments.

Formation of excess sublobules in the cerebellum of hypothyroid rats.

Cerebellar folia may increase in number in hypothyroid rats (Lauder et al., 1974; Hasebe et al., 2008a).

SOX9 expression and its methylation status in gastric cancer.

SOX9 is a member of the SOX [Sry-related high-mobility group (HMG) box] family and is required for the development and differentiation of multiple cell lineages. To clarify the significance of SOX9 in gastric carcinoma (GC), immunohistochemical expression of SOX9 and the CpG island methylation status of SOX9 were evaluated and compared with clinicopathological factors including overall survival. SOX9 expression was immunohistochemically evaluated in 382 GC tumors and the methylation status was examined in 121 GC tumors.

Laterality of spinocerebellar neurons in the chicken spinal cord.

The aim in this study is to elucidate the laterality of chicken spinocerebellar (SC) neurons that originate from the caudal cervical to caudal lumbosacral spinal cord. SC neurons in the spinal segment (SS) 17-20 consisted of a mixture of crossed and uncrossed axons. SC neurons in the more cranial and caudal SS than SS 17-20 (transitional zone) were generally uncrossed and crossed, respectively.

Composite diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and CD20-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma.

Composite lymphoma is defined as two or more distinct types of lymphoma in a single anatomical site. Among various combinations, composite B-cell and T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (CBTL) are very infrequent. Herein we describe a 66-year-old female with CBTL presenting with lymphadenopathy, multiple bone lesions and an epidural tumor.

Hyperbilirubinemia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: comparison of clinical and pathologic findings in 41 autopsied cases.

Hyperbilirubinemia is often associated with morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Diagnosis of its etiology is usually made clinically among various possible causes, and analysis of histological findings as compared with the clinical diagnosis has not been performed sufficiently. We retrospectively analyzed clinical and pathological findings in 41 autopsied patients who died with hyperbilirubinemia (>2 mg/dL).

Claudin-18 is an early-stage marker of pancreatic carcinogenesis.

Pancreatic ductal neoplasms exhibit gastric epithelium-like characteristics. In this study, we evaluated the expression of claudin-18 (CLDN18), a gastric epithelium-associated claudin, in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) using immunohistochemistry. We observed a high level of expression of CLDN18 in PanINs (31/32, 97%), IPMNs (61/65, 95%), and MCNs (4/5, 80%) using ordinary tissue section analysis.

Claudin-18 in biliary neoplasms. Its significance in the classification of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Claudin-18 (CLDN18), a tight junction protein specific to stomach and lung, is aberrantly expressed in preinvasive and invasive neoplasms of the pancreas. To investigate the significance of CLDN18 expression in biliary neoplasms, immunohistochemical analysis was performed. CLDN18 expression was frequently observed in the epithelial cells of extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas (90%, n = 99), intrahepatic intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct (IPNBs, 100%, n = 11), and extrahepatic IPNBs (89%, n = 9), while it was less frequent in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICCs, 43%, n = 83).

Transcriptional factor typing with SOX2, HNF4aP1, and CDX2 closely relates to tumor invasion and Epstein-Barr virus status in gastric cancer.

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a major cancer, sometimes associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Some transcriptional factors (TFs) are specific to the digestive tract and related to the character of the tumors.

Methods: We studied three TFs, SOX2, CDX2, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha-promoter 1 (HNF4aP1) in GC.

Trajectories in the spinal cord and the mediolateral spread in the cerebellar cortex of spinocerebellar fibers from the unilateral lumbosacral enlargement in the chicken.

Spinocerebellar (SC) neurons in the lumbosacral enlargement (LSE) give rise mainly to crossed fibers and generally terminate in parasagittal bands in the granular layer of the chicken cerebellar cortex. However, parasagittal bands for mossy fiber terminals have not always been clear in some cerebellar folia. The present study aimed at (1) observing the course in the spinal cord of the spinocerebellar tracts (SCTs), (2) confirming whether SC fibers originating from the unilateral LSE terminate in parasagittal bands, and (3) elucidating the relationship between the ventral and lateral funicular parts of the SCTs in the cervical enlargement (CE) using anterograde and retrograde labeling methods.

Spinocerebellar projections from the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements in the chicken spinal cord.

In birds, spinocerebellar (SC) projections to the cerebellar cortex have not been understood well. We examined SC fiber terminal fields originating from the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements (CE and LSE, respectively) in the chicken. SC fiber terminals show parasagittal bands in the granular layer.

Expression of ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit in gastric cancer and effects of RRM2 inhibition in vitro.

Ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit is one of two subunits that constitute ribonucleotide reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleotide 5'-diphosphates into 2'-deoxyribonucleotides, which are required for DNA synthesis. This study was conducted to investigate the roles of ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit in gastric cancer. The expression of ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit protein was examined by immunohistochemistry.

Distribution of astroglial lineage cells in developing chicken telencephalon from embryo to young chick.

The largest area of the avian telencephalon (Tc) is the subpallium [basal ganglia (BG)], and the pallium (cortex) is a narrow area located at the surface of the Tc. However, recent studies have proposed that most of the area of the avian Tc is the pallium, which corresponds to the cerebral cortex of mammals. This theory is based on neuronal elements with little regard to glial cells, which play important roles in neurogenesis.

Gastric carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma with Epstein-Barr virus infection is the predominant type.

Osteoclast-like giant cells (OGC) are rare in gastric carcinomas. Histopathological study of seven gastric carcinomas with OGC demonstrated three distinct types: lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC), non-LELC, and giant cell tumor (GCT) types. LELC is a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with prominent lymphoid stroma.

Downregulation of microRNA-200 in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma.

EBV-associated gastric carcinoma is a distinct gastric carcinoma subtype with characteristic morphologic features similar to those of cells that undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. The effect of microRNA abnormalities in carcinogenesis was investigated by measuring the expression of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-related microRNAs, miR-200a and miR-200b, in 36 surgically resected gastric carcinomas using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis. MiR-200 family expression was decreased in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma, as compared with that in EBV-negative carcinoma.

Topography of ganglion cells and photoreceptors in the sheep retina.

Retinal topographies of some cell types and distribution of the tapetum lucidum in the sheep's eye were investigated in this study. The tapetum was observed macroscopically in the fundus. The topographical distributions of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), cones, and rods were simultaneously analyzed in retinal whole mounts stained with cresyl violet.

SALL4 represents fetal gut differentiation of gastric cancer, and is diagnostically useful in distinguishing hepatoid gastric carcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma.

The novel stem cell marker SALL4 has been identified as a diagnostic marker of germ cell tumors, especially yolk sac tumors, in gonadal organs. To clarify the significance of SALL4 as an oncofetal protein, we investigated SALL4 expression by immunohistochemistry in non-neoplastic stomach and gastric carcinoma with particular emphasis on á-fetoprotein (AFP)-producing gastric carcinoma, as AFP-producing gastric carcinoma shares expression of AFP and glypican 3 (GPC3) with yolk sac tumors and hepatic neoplasms. A total of 338 gastric carcinomas, 60 hepatocellular carcinomas, and 48 cholangiocellular carcinomas were studied by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays.

Relationship between distribution of tapetum fibrosum and retinal pigment epithelium in the sheep eye.

The tapetum lucidum is a light-reflective device improving visual sensitivity in mesopic vision. There have been few studies on tapetal distribution and its relationship with degree of pigmentation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In the present study, sheep's eyes were used for macroscopical observation of the tapetum, and then histological sections of the posterior eyecups were made to analyze the distribution of tapetal thickness and degree of pigmentation in the RPE.

Prominent Mott cell proliferation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma.

The proliferation of Mott cells (plasma cells with multiple Russell bodies) is rarely observed in nonhematopoietic tumors, and no reports of this phenomenon in malignant epithelial neoplasms have been published. We present 2 cases of gastric carcinoma associated with prominent Mott cell proliferation. Histologically, both tumors consisted of extensive lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and numerous Mott cells with dysplastic epithelial cells.

Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma: a distinct carcinoma of gastric phenotype by claudin expression profiling.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (GC) is a distinct subtype with characteristic clinicopathological features. To better characterize its cellular characteristics, 43 cases of EBV-associated GC, 68 cases of EBV-negative GC, and non-neoplastic gastric mucosa in adults and fetuses were examined immunohistochemically. We quantified the expression of the major tight-junction protein claudin (CLDN) -1, -3, -4, -7, and -18 together with gastric mucins (MUC5AC and MUC6), intestinal mucin (MUC2), and CD10.

Activation of DNA methyltransferase 1 by EBV latent membrane protein 2A leads to promoter hypermethylation of PTEN gene in gastric carcinoma.

CpG island promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes is one of the most characteristic abnormalities in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (GC). Aberrant promoter methylation and expression loss of PTEN were evaluated in cancer tissues of GC by methylation-specific PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, showing that both abnormalities occurred concurrently in EBV-associated GC. PTEN abnormalities were reiterated in GC cell lines MKN-1 and MKN-7 infected with recombinant EBV, and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) was commonly overexpressed in both cell lines.

Glypican 3-expressing gastric carcinoma: distinct subgroup unifying hepatoid, clear-cell, and alpha-fetoprotein-producing gastric carcinomas.

Gypican-3 (GPC3) has been recognized as an oncofetal protein in hepatic neoplasms and yolk sac tumors. To characterize a distinct subgroup of gastric carcinoma (GC) expressing GPC3 (GPC3-GC), primary and metastatic GC tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry with special focus on their related entities: hepatoid, clear-cell, and alpha-fetoprotein-producing GC. GPC3-GC was defined as focal GPC3-GC when 10-49% of neoplastic cells were positive, and as diffuse GPC3-GC when more than 50% of cells were positive.

Sebaceous epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of the salivary gland: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 6 cases of a new histologic variant.

Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) of the salivary glands is an uncommon, low-grade malignant tumor. A recent report demonstrates sebaceous differentiation in this tumor even though its significance has never been documented as a precise histologic variant. Six cases of EMC exhibiting sebaceous differentiation (sebaceous EMC) of the parotid gland were analyzed for their clinicopathologic features and immunohistochemical characteristics.

Functional disorder of the retina in manganese-deficient Japanese quail revealed by electroretinography using a contact lens electrode with built-in light source.

Manganese deficiency results in neurological and skeletal defects, together with ultrastructural disarrangement of the retina in rats. Wild birds show a range of Mn concentrations in their tissues, including the liver, raising the possibility of Mn-related disorders in the wild. Electroretinography (ERG) provides a useful noninvasive approach to evaluate visual function.

[A case of angiosarcoma of pelvis with pulmonary metastases which responded to paclitaxel].

A 60-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of back pain and bloody sputum. Chest CT scan showed characteristic multiple small nodules with central dense opacity and surrounding faint opacity, suggesting lesions with hemorrhage. Bone scintigram and MRI revealed multiple osteolytic lesions in pelvis and lumbar spine.