Metal-phenolic networks enhanced the protection of excipients for probiotics during freeze-drying.

Probiotic powder using a single protective method during freeze-drying is insufficient vitality because it lacks adequate protection. Here we developed a protection strategy through biointerfacial phenolic self-assembly to enhance the protection of excipients for probiotics to address existing challenges during freeze-drying. This strategy could strengthen the connections of excipients and phenolic protective layers containing hydroxyl groups with water molecules, improving the hydration layer's preservation and shielding bacteria from damage.