Increasing severity of haematuria with successive pregnancies in a woman with renal angiomyolipoma.

Objective: To report a case of a 31-year-old woman with renal angiomyolipoma (RAML) who presented with progressive massive haematuria with successive pregnancies.

Clinical Presentation: A 28-year-old woman presented with mild haematuria in the third trimester of her second pregnancy. This was due to bleeding from a left RAML.

Two-trocar laparoscopic varicocelectomy: cost-reduction surgical technique.

Objectives: To describe the technique of two-trocar laparoscopic varicocelectomy and compare it with the standard three-trocar laparoscopic technique in terms of effectiveness, morbidity, and cosmesis.

Methods: Two matched groups of patients with left varicocele were recruited. Each group included 30 patients.