Correlations between Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 with Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase and P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Levels after Treatment of Diabetic Rats with Puguntano ( [Merr.]) Leaf Extract.

Background: Defects in post-receptor insulin signalling are the major cause of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the correlations between insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) levels after puguntano ( [Merr.]) leaf extract treatment in a rat model of T2DM.

Comparative study of antimalarial effect of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) extract, chloroquine and artemisinin and their combination against plasmodium falciparum in-vitro.

Aim: to compare the anti-malarial effect among sambiloto extract, chloroquine and artemisinin-only as well as those of their combination.

Methods: the study was conducted in Central Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia from January to February 2006. Malaria culture used Plasmodium falciparum of Papua strain (2300) that was obtained from Namru-2 Jakarta.