Maternal cortisol concentration is associated with reduced brain activation to infant cry and more intrusive parenting behavior.

Previous research indicates that maternal cortisol function and maternal brain response to infant are each in turn related to variations in parenting behavior. However, little is known about how maternal cortisol and maternal brain function are associated, thus studying these two mechanisms together may improve our understanding of how maternal cortisol assessed during interactions with own infant is associated with brain response to infant cry. First-time mothers (N = 59) of infants aged 3-4 months old were recruited to participate.

Editorial: Adolescent Substance Use Prevention and Treatment Is Our Wheelhouse.

In this issue of the Journal, Welsh et al. revise and update the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) "Principles of Adolescent Substance Use Disorder Treatment," and the practice recommendations based on these principles, published by Winters et al. in 2018.

Maternal Childhood Maltreatment, Internal Working Models, and Perinatal Substance Use: Is There a Role for Hyperkatifeia? A Systematic Review.

The parent-infant relationship is critical for socioemotional development and is adversely impacted by perinatal substance use. This systematic review posits that the mechanisms underlying these risks to mother-infant relationships center on 3 primary processes: (1) mothers' childhood maltreatment experiences; (2) attachment styles and consequent internal working models of interpersonal relationships; and (3) perinatal substance use. Further, the review considers the role of hyperkatifeia, or hypersensitivity to negative affect which occurs when people with substance use disorders are not using substances, and which drives the negative reinforcement in addiction.

Course of Illness and Treatment Updates for Bipolar Disorder in the Perinatal Period.

Purpose Of Review: The perinatal period is a time of increased vulnerability for people with bipolar disorder (BD). The purpose of this review is to provide an update of the literature from the last 3 years regarding course of illness and treatments for BD in the perinatal period to guide clinical care.

Recent Findings: Postpartum manic and depressive episodes are emerging as having a unique presentation that may differentiate them from non-perinatal mood episodes.

Postpartum Stress and Neural Regulation of Emotion among First-Time Mothers.

Early parenting relies on emotion regulation capabilities, as mothers are responsible for regulating both their own emotional state and that of their infant during a time of new parenting-related neural plasticity and potentially increased stress. Previous research highlights the importance of frontal cortical regions in facilitating effective emotion regulation, but few studies have investigated the neural regulation of emotion among postpartum women. The current study employed a functional neuroimaging (fMRI) approach to explore the association between perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and the neural regulation of emotion in first-time mothers.

Reported maternal childhood maltreatment experiences, amygdala activation and functional connectivity to infant cry.

Maternal childhood maltreatment experiences (CMEs) may influence responses to infants and affect child outcomes. We examined associations between CME and mothers' neural responses and functional connectivity to infant distress. We hypothesized that mothers with greater CME would exhibit higher amygdala reactivity and amygdala-supplementary motor area (SMA) functional connectivity to own infant's cries.

Associations between stress exposure and new mothers' brain responses to infant cry sounds.

Exposure to severe stress has been linked to negative postpartum outcomes among new mothers including mood disorders and harsh parenting. Non-human animal studies show that stress exposure disrupts the normative adaptation of the maternal brain, thus identifying a neurobiological mechanism by which stress can lead to negative maternal outcomes. However, little is known about the impact of stress exposure on the maternal brain response to infant cues in human mothers.

Neural processing of infant and adult face emotion and maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment.

Face processing in mothers is linked to mother-infant social communication, which is critical for parenting and in turn for child development. Neuroimaging studies of child maltreatment-exposed (CME) mothers are sparse compared to studies of mothers with postpartum depression, which have suggested blunted amygdala reactivity to infant stimuli. We expected to see a similar pattern in CME mothers.

Neural correlates of taste reward value across eating disorders.

Individuals with eating disorders (ED) make extreme food choices, raising the possibility of altered food-value computation. We utilized an associative taste reward learning paradigm to test whether value signaling differs between participants with EDs vs. healthy controls (HC).

Indiscriminate amygdala response to mothers and strangers after early maternal deprivation.

Background: In altricial species, maternal stimuli have powerful effects on amygdala development and attachment-related behaviors. In humans, maternal deprivation has been associated with both "indiscriminate friendliness" toward non-caregiving adults and altered amygdala development. We hypothesized that maternal deprivation would be associated with reduced amygdala discrimination between mothers and strangers and increased parent report of indiscriminate friendliness behaviors.

Abnormal fusiform activation during emotional-face encoding assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging.

This functional magnetic resonance imaging study shows that children and adults with bipolar disorder (BD), compared with healthy subjects, exhibit impaired memory for emotional faces and abnormal fusiform activation during encoding. Fusiform activation abnormalities in BD were correlated with mania severity and may therefore represent a trait and state BD biomarker.

Outcomes of complex gunshot wounds to the hand and wrist: a 10-year level I urban trauma center experience.

Purpose: To assess the consequences of gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the hand, we reviewed our 10-year experience at an urban level I trauma center.

Method: A retrospective review was performed on patients admitted with GSWs to the extremities between January 1, 1997 and January 1, 2007. Those with GSWs to the hand and wrist needing surgery were studied.

Amygdala hyperactivation during face emotion processing in unaffected youth at risk for bipolar disorder.

Objective: Youth at familial risk for bipolar disorder (BD) show deficits in face emotion processing, but the neural correlates of these deficits have not been examined. This preliminary study tests the hypothesis that, relative to healthy comparison (HC) subjects, both BD subjects and youth at risk for BD (i.e.

Epilepsy duration impacts on brain glucose metabolism in temporal lobe epilepsy: results of voxel-based mapping.

Objective: [(18)F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([(18)F]FDG-PET) is a valuable method for detecting focal brain dysfunction associated with epilepsy. Evidence suggests that a progressive decrease in [(18)F]FDG uptake occurs in the epileptogenic cortex with an increase in the duration of epilepsy. In this study, our aim was to use statistical parametric mapping (SPM) to test the validity of this relationship in a retrospective study of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).

Status epilepticus, electroconvulsive therapy and malignant melanoma.

Status epilepticus (SE), both convulsive and nonconvulsive, is a rare adverse effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This case report describes SE post-ECT associated with central nervous system (CNS) metastatic melanoma and reviews pertinent literature. The authors recommend that when CNS pathology is suspected, pre-ECT neurology consultation, neuroimaging, and EEG all may be indicated.

Ziprasidone-induced priapism requiring surgical treatment.

Both typical and atypical antipsychotic psychotropics have been reported to cause ischemic priapism presumptively secondary to alpha1-adrenergic blockade. This condition is a urologic emergency for if not evaluated and treated appropriately, long-term sequelae include erectile dysfunction and impotence. This paper addresses the first reported case of priapism requiring surgical intervention presumed to be secondary to ziprasidone.