Electrode-electrolyte interactions dictate thermal stability of sodium-ion batteries.

This work delineates the thermal safety of full-scale sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) by interrogating the material-level electrochemical and thermal responses of micro and nano-structured tin (Sn) based anodes and sodium vanadium phosphate (NVP) cathodes in suitable electrolyte systems. Informed by these material-level signatures, we delineate cell-level thermal safety maps cognizant of underlying electrode-electrolyte interactions in SIBs.