Microbial and Genetic Resources for Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Biosynthesis: From Ecosystems to Industrial Biotechnology.

Many microbial producers of coenzyme B12 family cofactors together with their metabolically interdependent pathways are comprehensively studied and successfully used both in natural ecosystems dominated by auxotrophs, including bacteria and mammals, and in the safe industrial production of vitamin B12. Metabolic reconstruction for genomic and metagenomic data and functional genomics continue to mine the microbial and genetic resources for biosynthesis of the vital vitamin B12. Availability of metabolic engineering techniques and usage of affordable and renewable sources allowed improving bioprocess of vitamins, providing a positive impact on both economics and environment.

Production of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) by Microorganisms: An Overview.

Riboflavin is a crucial micronutrient that is a precursor to coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, and it is required for biochemical reactions in all living cells. For decades, one of the most important applications of riboflavin has been its global use as an animal and human nutritional supplement. Being well-informed of the latest research on riboflavin production via the fermentation process is necessary for the development of new and improved microbial strains using biotechnology and metabolic engineering techniques to increase vitamin B2 yield.

[Clinical, neurophysiological and neuroimaging study of tremor in multiple sclerosis].

Objective: To identify clinical types of tremor in multiple sclerosis (MS) and clarify their pathophysiological mechanisms.

Material And Methods: We examined 124 patients with MS, including 58 patients with tremor, using clinical (digital spiralography), neurophysiological (tremor electromyography, visual and sensory evoked potentials, transcranial magnetic stimulation with tremor resetting, long latency reflexes, electroencephalography) and neuroimaging (MRI, morphometry) methods.

Results And Conclusion: Five main variants of tremor were identified: distal postural and postural-intention (variant 1), distal intention (variant 2), proximal and distal intention and postural-intention (variant 3), Holmes (variant 4), axial (variant 5).

[Biosimilar of interferon-beta 1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and the own experience in the use of ronbetal].

The results of using ronbetal, the Russian biosimilar of interferon-beta 1b, in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) are presented. The study included outpatients followed up from February 2008 to March 2012. All patients were assessed neurologically with additional evaluation using the EDSS; a number of exacerbations and their outcomes, disease progression, tolerability of the drug were recorded.

[State of the hepatobiliary system and intestines in elderly patients with concurrent digestive pathology].

Common aspects have been revealed of structural and functional disorders of the biliary tract and intestine in elderly patients with digestive pathology. We recommend that lipotropic drugs, choleretics, cholekinetics, antioxidants and eubiotics be used in the treatment of the above patients.

[Lithogenic bile typing based on parameters of cluster analysis of IR-spectra].

Using cluster analysis of analytic strips optical densities the lithogenic bile heterogeneity has been confirmed and different types, possessing a distinction totality of spectral and biochemical figures has been revealed. This study demonstrated tendency in process of formation of gallstone in cholelithiasis.

[The therapeutic use of a phosphatide food concentrate in diseases of the hepatobiliary system].

Our studies on phosphatide, a food concentrate, produced as a by-product during the extraction of an edible oil in the oil-extraction plants, showed its high efficacy in patients (n = 52) with abnormalities of the hepatobiliary system. The drug having more than 40 weight percent of phosphorus-containing lipids appeared to be efficacious not only in respect of the subjective status of the patients but also the functional state of the liver and paraments characterizing lipid metabolism.

[An experimental study of suikrepan].

Acute, subacute, and chronic experiments were performed to examine the toxicity, specific action, analgetic, and physicochemical properties of suicrepan derived from the porcine duodenal mucosa and the hormone secretin contained in it. Suicrepan was found to be an effective pancreatic extrasecretory function stimulant, by showing therapeutical benefits in experimental pancreatitis and analgesic effects. The drug was demonstrated to display a low toxicity.

[Effect of alcoholic intoxication on the body's natural resistance to exposure to infectious and toxic agents].

The influence of alcoholic intoxication on the resistance of albino mice to bacterial toxins and staphylococcus cultures was investigated. Five-day administration of 40% ethyl alcohol to the animals was accompanied by a significant increase of their resistance to the intoxication caused by C1. perfringens toxins and staphylococcus.

[Effect of antibiotics on the resistance of white mice to infection caused by antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus strains].

The effect of benzylpenicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline on the animal resistance to infection caused by the antibiotic resistant staphylococci was studied. It was found that the effect of the antibiotics on the infectious process outcome was not limited by their antibacterial properties. Changes in the natural resistance of the host under the effect of the antibiotics were not always the same and depended on both the antibiotic type and the moment of its administration.

[Effect of some antibiotics on the resistance of white mice to staphylococcal toxin].

Penicillin and streptomycin in experimental staphylococcal intoxication had different effects on the disease depending on the period of their use. Penicillin injections prior to administration of the toxin increased significantly the resistance of the animals to it, while with the use of streptomycin there was only a tendency to its increase. The use of both antibiotics against the background of the intoxication had a reverse effect: there was a tendency to a decreased animal resistance to a greater extent with the use of streptomycin.

[Effect of antibiotics on the resistance of white mice to C1. perfringens toxin].

The effect of potassium benzylpenicillin, streptomycin sulfate and chlortetracycline on experimental gangrenous intoxication was studied. When the antibiotics were injected before intoxication, the albino mice resistance did not significantly change. When the antibiotics were injected immediately after the toxin administration, the resistance of the test animals markedly decreased.

[Immunogenesis and nonspecific factors of natural resistance. XI. Further study of the depression mechanism of humoral reactions of natural immunity during the vaccinal process].

The mechanisms of depression of humoral reactions of natural immunity under the effect of vaccination were studied further. Experiments were carried out on albino rats tolerant to the horse serum protein. Administration of the antigen to the tolerant animals failed to cause formation of antibodies or to influence humoral factors of natural immunity.