Numerical values and impact of hypertension in Spain.

In Spain, 33% of adults aged 30 to 79 years (10 million) were hypertensive in 2019. Among them, 68% were diagnosed, 57% received drug therapy, and effective therapeutic coverage (control) reached 33%. Both diagnosis and control show geographical and social disparities.

Twenty-Four-Hour Central (Aortic) Systolic Blood Pressure: Reference Values and Dipping Patterns in Untreated Individuals.

Central (aortic) systolic blood pressure (cSBP) is the pressure seen by the heart, the brain, and the kidneys. If properly measured, cSBP is closer associated with hypertension-mediated organ damage and prognosis, as compared with brachial SBP (bSBP). We investigated 24-hour profiles of bSBP and cSBP, measured simultaneously using Mobilograph devices, in 2423 untreated adults (1275 women; age, 18-94 years), free from overt cardiovascular disease, aiming to develop reference values and to analyze daytime-nighttime variability.

Association Between Hearing Loss and Impaired Physical Function, Frailty, and Disability in Older Adults: A Cross-sectional Study.

Importance: Several studies have examined the association between hearing loss (HL) and physical function, with inconsistent results. Few used pure-tone thresholds and considered possible confounders in the association.

Objective: To examine the association between hearing loss and impaired lower extremity function, frailty syndrome, and disability in older adults.

Pain Characteristics, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Cardiovascular Disease.

Background: There is unclear evidence that chronic pain may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality. This work evaluated the association between chronic pain, incidence of CVD, and changes in CVD risk factors.

Methods: Cohort of 1091 community-dwelling individuals of at least 60 years, free from CVD at baseline, followed up for 6 years.

Twenty four-hour activity cycle in older adults using wrist-worn accelerometers: The seniors-ENRICA-2 study.

Objectives: This study aimed: (a) to provide a detailed description of sleep, sedentary behavior (SED), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) over the complete 24-hours period using raw acceleration data in older adults; and (b) to examine the differences in the 24-hours activity cycle by sex, age, education, and body mass index (BMI).

Methods: Population-based cohort comprising 3273 community-dwelling individuals (1739 women), aged 71.8 ± 4.

Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Mortality: A National Prospective Cohort in Spain.

Objective: To assess the prospective association between ultra-processed food consumption and all-cause mortality and to examine the effect of theoretical iso-caloric non-processed foods substitution.

Patients And Methods: A population-based cohort of 11,898 individuals (mean age 46.9 years, and 50.

Impact of the European and American guidelines on hypertension prevalence, treatment, and cardiometabolic goals.

Objectives: Unlike the 2018 European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension (ESC/ESH) guideline, the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline has recommended a shift in hypertension definition from blood pressure (BP) 140/90-130/80 mmHg. Further, they proposed somewhat different indications for antihypertensive medication. No data are available on the comprehensive impact of these guidelines in European countries, where physicians do not always follow guidelines from their own continent.

Ultra-processed Food Consumption and Incident Frailty: A Prospective Cohort Study of Older Adults.

Background: Ultra-processed food intake has been associated with chronic conditions and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between ultra-processed food intake and incident frailty in community-dwelling older adults.

Methods: Prospective cohort study with 1,822 individuals aged at least 60 years who were recruited during 2008-2010 in Spain.

Habitual Meat Consumption and Changes in Sleep Duration and Quality in Older Adults.

Dietary proteins are sources of some amino acid precursors of two neurotransmitters relevant for biological rhythms, serotonin and melatonin, which are involved in sleep and alertness. Meat is the main source of proteins in many countries. Furthermore, meat consumption is of special interest because it provides high-quality protein as well as saturated and fatty acids.

The inflammatory potential of diet is related to incident frailty and slow walking in older adults.

Background: Certain foods and dietary patterns have been associated with both inflammation and frailty. As chronic inflammation may play a role in frailty and disability, we examined the association of the inflammatory potential of diet with these outcomes.

Methods: Data were taken from 1948 community-dwelling individuals ≥60 years old from the Seniors-ENRICA cohort, who were recruited in 2008-2010 and followed-up through 2012.

LDL Cholesterol Rises With BMI Only in Lean Individuals: Cross-sectional U.S. and Spanish Representative Data.

Objective: Elevated LDL cholesterol (LDLc) is not strongly associated with obesity or metabolic syndrome (MS), but this relationship repeatedly has been examined assuming a linear association. This study aimed to assess the dose-response relationship between body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) and LDLc and to evaluate its link to metabolic impairment.

Research Design And Methods: Participants in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2010) ( = 12,383) and the Study on Nutrition and Cardiovascular Risk (ENRICA, 2008-2010) ( = 11,765), representative samples of U.

Prospective Association Between Nut Consumption and Physical Function in Older Men and Women.

Background: The beneficial effect of nut consumption preventing cardio-metabolic diseases and cancer suggests that nuts might also protect from physical function impairment in older people since aging-related functional decline shares biological pathways with these chronic diseases. The objective was to examine the association between nut consumption and impairment of physical function in older adults.

Methods: Prospective study with 3,289 individuals aged ≥60 years from the Seniors-ENRICA cohort.

Chronic kidney disease in Spain: Prevalence and impact of accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem worldwide. We aimed to estimate the CKD prevalence in Spain and to examine the impact of the accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF).

Material And Methods: We performed a nationwide, population-based survey evaluating 11,505 individuals representative of the Spanish adult population.

Prospective association between added sugars and frailty in older adults.

Background: Sugar-sweetened beverages and added sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) in the diet are associated with obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, which are all risk factors for decline in physical function among older adults.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the association between added sugars in the diet and incidence of frailty in older people.

Design: Data were taken from 1973 Spanish adults ≥60 y old from the Seniors-ENRICA cohort.

Coffee consumption and risk of physical function impairment, frailty and disability in older adults.

Purpose: Habitual coffee consumption has been associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Since these diseases are main determinants of functional limitations, we have tested the hypothesis that coffee intake is associated with lower risk of physical function impairment, frailty and disability in older adults. We focused on women and those with obesity, hypertension or type 2 diabetes because they are at higher risk of functional limitations.

Housing conditions and risk of physical function limitations: a prospective study of community-dwelling older adults.

Background: Poor housing conditions have been associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in old age.

Methods: Prospective cohort of 1602 older adults followed from 2012 to 2015. Poor conditions were defined as living in a walk-up building, lacking piped hot water or heating, feeling frequently cold at home, lacking a bathtub/shower, a refrigerator, a washing machine, an own room or a landline.

Frailty, Disability, and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Older Adults.

Background And Objective: Frailty and disability are associated with cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, in older people; however, little is known about their association with ambulatory blood pressure (BP). Thus, we assessed the relationship of frailty and disability with ambulatory BP in older adults.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Cross-sectional study of 1047 community-living individuals aged ≥60 years in Spain.

Short-term variability and nocturnal decline in ambulatory blood pressure in normotension, white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension and sustained hypertension: a population-based study of older individuals in Spain.

Blood pressure (BP) variability and nocturnal decline in blood pressure are associated with cardiovascular outcomes. However, little is known about whether these indexes are associated with white-coat and masked hypertension. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 1047 community-dwelling individuals aged ⩾60 years in Spain in 2012.

Social Inequalities in Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Older Adults in Spain: The Seniors-ENRICA Study.

Introduction And Objectives: To examine the distribution of the main cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) according to socioeconomic level (SEL) among older adults in Spain.

Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in 2008-2010 with 2699 individuals representative of the noninstitutionalized Spanish population aged ≥ 60 years. Socioeconomic level was assessed using educational level, occupation, and father's occupation.

Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Risk of Frailty in Older Adults.

Background: The major cardiovascular risk factors and existing cardiovascular disease have been linked to increased risk of the frailty syndrome. However, the association between ideal cardiovascular health and the risk of frailty in older adults is uncertain.

Methods And Results: Prospective cohort study of 1745 individuals (≥60 years and free of cardiovascular disease) recruited during 2008 to 2010.

Habitual coffee consumption and 24-h blood pressure control in older adults with hypertension.

Background & Aims: In normotensive and hypertensive individuals, blood pressure (BP) rises acutely during a few hours following coffee or caffeine consumption. However, the effect of habitual coffee consumption on BP and BP control is uncertain. The aim of this study was to assess the association of habitual coffee consumption on 24-h BP and BP control among older adults with hypertension.

Diabetes and risk of frailty and its potential mechanisms: a prospective cohort study of older adults.

Background: There is emerging evidence of the role of diabetes as a risk factor for frailty. However, the mechanisms of this association are uncertain.

Methods: Prospective cohort study of 1750 noninstitutionalized individuals aged 60 years or older recruited in 2008-2010.

Earlobe crease shapes and cardiovascular events.

Earlobe crease (ELC) has been linked to coronary artery disease; however, systematic evaluations of the earlobe and its relation to ischemic stroke are lacking. The objectives were to define the ELC using a single-blind approach and to determine through multivariate analysis its association with cardiovascular events (CVEs) comprising coronary, ischemic cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular diseases. A single-blind cross-sectional study was performed in 2 phases: (1) an initial study (n = 300) to define ELC classification criteria and (2) a confirmation stage (n = 1,000) to analyze ELC association with CVEs.