Global mean sea level likely higher than present during the holocene.

Global mean sea-level (GMSL) change can shed light on how the Earth system responds to warming. Glaciological evidence indicates that Earth's ice sheets retreated inland of early industrial (1850 CE) extents during the Holocene (11.7-0 ka), yet previous work suggests that Holocene GMSL never surpassed early industrial levels.

The Simons Observatory: Production-Level Fabrication of the Mid- and Ultra-High-Frequency Wafers.

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background instrumentation suite in the Atacama Desert of Chile. More than 65,000 polarization-sensitive transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers will be fielded in the frequency range spanning 27 to 280 GHz, with three separate dichroic designs. The mid-frequency 90/150 GHz and ultra-high-frequency 220/280 GHz detector arrays, fabricated at NIST, account for 39 of 49 total detector modules and implement the feedhorn-fed orthomode transducer-coupled TES bolometer architecture.

Glacial isostatic adjustment reduces past and future Arctic subsea permafrost.

Sea-level rise submerges terrestrial permafrost in the Arctic, turning it into subsea permafrost. Subsea permafrost underlies ~ 1.8 million km of Arctic continental shelf, with thicknesses in places exceeding 700 m.

GIA imaging of 3-D mantle viscosity based on palaeo sea level observations - Part I: Sensitivity kernels for an Earth with laterally varying viscosity.

A key initial step in geophysical imaging is to devise an effective means of mapping the sensitivity of an observation to the model parameters, that is to compute its Fréchet derivatives or sensitivity kernel. In the absence of any simplifying assumptions and when faced with a large number of free parameters, the adjoint method can be an effective and efficient approach to calculating Fréchet derivatives and requires just two numerical simulations. In the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment problem, these consist of a forward simulation driven by changes in ice mass and an adjoint simulation driven by loads that are applied at the observation sites.

Toward a Cenozoic history of atmospheric CO.

The geological record encodes the relationship between climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) over long and short timescales, as well as potential drivers of evolutionary transitions. However, reconstructing CO beyond direct measurements requires the use of paleoproxies and herein lies the challenge, as proxies differ in their assumptions, degree of understanding, and even reconstructed values. In this study, we critically evaluated, categorized, and integrated available proxies to create a high-fidelity and transparently constructed atmospheric CO record spanning the past 66 million years.

Geodynamically corrected Pliocene shoreline elevations in Australia consistent with midrange projections of Antarctic ice loss.

The Mid-Pliocene represents the most recent interval in Earth history with climatic conditions similar to those expected in the coming decades. Mid-Pliocene sea level estimates therefore provide important constraints on projections of future ice sheet behavior and sea level change but differ by tens of meters due to local distortion of paleoshorelines caused by mantle dynamics. We combine an Australian sea level marker compilation with geodynamic simulations and probabilistic inversions to quantify and remove these post-Pliocene vertical motions at continental scale.

Constraining the contribution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to Last Interglacial sea level.

Polar temperatures during the Last Interglacial [LIG; ~129 to 116 thousand years (ka)] were warmer than today, making this time period an important testing ground to better understand how ice sheets respond to warming. However, it remains debated how much and when the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets changed during this period. Here, we present a combination of new and existing absolutely dated LIG sea-level observations from Britain, France, and Denmark.

Experimental characterization of a planar phase-engineered metamaterial lenslet for millimeter astronomy.

To unveil presently inscrutable details of the origins of our universe imprinted in the cosmic microwave background, future experiments in the millimeter and submillimeter range are focusing on the detection of fine features, which necessitate large and sensitive detector arrays to enable multichroic mapping of the sky. Currently, various approaches for coupling light to such detectors are under investigation, namely, coherently summed hierarchical arrays, platelet horns, and antenna-coupled planar lenslets. The last option offers increased bandwidth and a simpler fabrication while maintaining the desired optical performance.

S100A8/S100A9 Integrates F-Actin and Microtubule Dynamics to Prevent Uncontrolled Extravasation of Leukocytes.

Immune reactions are characterized by the rapid immigration of phagocytes into sites of inflammation. Meticulous regulation of these migratory processes is crucial for preventing uncontrolled and harmful phagocyte extravasation. S100A8/S100A9 is the major calcium-binding protein complex expressed in phagocytes.

Complex regulation of alarmins S100A8/A9 and secretion via gasdermin D pores exacerbates autoinflammation in familial Mediterranean fever.

Background: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), caused by mutations in the pyrin-encoding MEFV gene, is characterized by uncontrolled caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion. A similar mechanism drives inflammation in cryopyrin-associated periodic fever syndrome (CAPS) caused by mutations in NLRP3. CAPS and FMF, however, result in largely different clinical manifestations, pointing to additional, autoinflammatory pathways involved in FMF.

Influence of reef isostasy, dynamic topography, and glacial isostatic adjustment on sea-level records in Northeastern Australia.

Understanding sea level during the peak of the Last Interglacial (125,000 yrs ago) is important for assessing future ice-sheet dynamics in response to climate change. The coasts and continental shelves of northeastern Australia (Queensland) preserve an extensive Last Interglacial record in the facies of coastal strandplains onland and fossil reefs offshore. However, there is a discrepancy, amounting to tens of meters, in the elevation of sea-level indicators between offshore and onshore sites.

The role of gravitational body forces in the development of metamorphic core complexes.

Within extreme continental extension areas, ductile middle crust is exhumed at the surface as metamorphic core complexes. Sophisticated quantitative models of extreme extension predicted upward transport of ductile middle-lower crust through time. Here we develop a general model for metamorphic core complexes formation and demonstrate that they result from the collapse of a mountain belt supported by a thickened crustal root.

Coupled influence of tectonics, climate, and surface processes on landscape evolution in southwestern North America.

The Cenozoic landscape evolution in southwestern North America is ascribed to crustal isostasy, dynamic topography, or lithosphere tectonics, but their relative contributions remain controversial. Here we reconstruct landscape history since the late Eocene by investigating the interplay between mantle convection, lithosphere dynamics, climate, and surface processes using fully coupled four-dimensional numerical models. Our quantified depth-dependent strain rate and stress history within the lithosphere, under the influence of gravitational collapse and sub-lithospheric mantle flow, show that high gravitational potential energy of a mountain chain relative to a lower Colorado Plateau can explain extension directions and stress magnitudes in the belt of metamorphic core complexes during topographic collapse.

Long-Term Earth-Moon Evolution With High-Level Orbit and Ocean Tide Models.

Tides and Earth-Moon system evolution are coupled over geological time. Tidal energy dissipation on Earth slows rotation rate, increases obliquity, lunar orbit semi-major axis and eccentricity, and decreases lunar inclination. Tidal and core-mantle boundary dissipation within the Moon decrease inclination, eccentricity and semi-major axis.

Total isostatic response to the complete unloading of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets.

The land surface beneath the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets is isostatically suppressed by the mass of the overlying ice. Accurate computation of the land elevation in the absence of ice is important when considering, for example, regional geodynamics, geomorphology, and ice sheet behaviour. Here, we use contemporary compilations of ice thickness and lithospheric effective elastic thickness to calculate the fully re-equilibrated isostatic response of the solid Earth to the complete removal of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets.

The Good and the Bad: Monocytes' and Macrophages' Diverse Functions in Inflammation.

Monocytes and macrophages are central players of the innate immune response and play a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammation. Thereby, they actively participate in all phases of the immune response, from initiating inflammation and triggering the adaptive immune response, through to the clearance of cell debris and resolution of inflammation. In this review, we described the mechanisms of monocyte and macrophage adaptation to rapidly changing microenvironmental conditions and discussed different forms of macrophage polarization depending on the environmental cues or pathophysiological condition.

Sea-level trends across The Bahamas constrain peak last interglacial ice melt.

During the last interglacial (LIG) period, global mean sea level (GMSL) was higher than at present, likely driven by greater high-latitude insolation. Past sea-level estimates require elevation measurements and age determination of marine sediments that formed at or near sea level, and those elevations must be corrected for glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). However, this GIA correction is subject to uncertainties in the GIA model inputs, namely, Earth's rheology and past ice history, which reduces precision and accuracy in estimates of past GMSL.

Demonstration of 220/280 GHz Multichroic Feedhorn-Coupled TES Polarimeter.

We describe the design and measurement of feedhorn-coupled, transition-edge sensor (TES) polarimeters with two passbands centered at 220 GHz and 280 GHz, intended for observations of the cosmic microwave background. Each pixel couples polarized light in two linear polarizations by use of a planar orthomode transducer and senses power via four TES bolometers, one for each band in each linear polarization. Previous designs of this detector architecture incorporated passbands from 27 to 220 GHz; we now demonstrate this technology at frequencies up to 315 GHz.

Sea-level stands from the Western Mediterranean over the past 6.5 million years.

Sea-level reconstructions are important for understanding past ice sheet variability and its response to past and future warming. Here we present Neogene and Quaternary sea-level snapshots using phreatic overgrowths on speleothems (POS) from caves on Mallorca, Spain. POS are excellent sea level index points because of their clear relationship to sea level and precise U-Pb chronology.

Development of Flat Silicon-Based Mesh Lens Arrays for Millimeter and Sub-millimeter Wave Astronomy.

The high sensitivity requirements set by future cosmic microwave background instruments are pushing the current technologies to produce highly performant focal plane arrays with thousands of detectors. The coupling of the detectors to the telescope optics is a challenging task. Current implemented solutions include phased-array antenna-coupled detectors, platelet horn arrays, and lenslet-coupled planar antennas.

Detection of CMB-Cluster Lensing using Polarization Data from SPTpol.

We report the first detection of gravitational lensing due to galaxy clusters using only the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The lensing signal is obtained using a new estimator that extracts the lensing dipole signature from stacked images formed by rotating the cluster-centered Stokes QU map cutouts along the direction of the locally measured background CMB polarization gradient. Using data from the SPTpol 500  deg^{2} survey at the locations of roughly 18 000 clusters with richness λ≥10 from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year-3 full galaxy cluster catalog, we detect lensing at 4.

Constraints on global mean sea level during Pliocene warmth.

Reconstructing the evolution of sea level during past warmer epochs such as the Pliocene provides insight into the response of sea level and ice sheets to prolonged warming. Although estimates of the global mean sea level (GMSL) during this time do exist, they vary by several tens of metres, hindering the assessment of past and future ice-sheet stability. Here we show that during the mid-Piacenzian Warm Period, which was on average two to three degrees Celsius warmer than the pre-industrial period, the GMSL was about 16.

Signaling mechanisms inducing hyporesponsiveness of phagocytes during systemic inflammation.

The inflammatory responsiveness of phagocytes to exogenous and endogenous stimuli is tightly regulated. This regulation plays an important role in systemic inflammatory response syndromes (SIRSs). In SIRSs, phagocytes initially develop a hyperinflammatory response, followed by a secondary state of hyporesponsiveness, a so-called "tolerance.