One click away: Pilot study of the perceived academic impact of screen time among pharmacy students.

Introduction: We examined the perceived impact (direct and indirect) of screen time on pharmacy students' academics and how pharmacy students attempt to overcome perceived negative impacts.

Methods: Focus group interviews with first-year and third-year pharmacy students at a single school of pharmacy were conducted, digitally audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. Screen time was defined as time on any device with internet access, and academic impact was referred to as studying and academic performance.

A randomized trial of the efficacy of hand disinfection for prevention of rhinovirus infection.

Background: Hand disinfection is frequently recommended for prevention of rhinovirus (RV) infection and RV-associated common colds. The effectiveness of this intervention has not been established in a natural setting. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hand disinfection on RV infection and RV-associated common cold illness in a natural setting.

Yield of human adipose-derived adult stem cells from liposuction aspirates.

Background: Primary cultures of isolated human adipose-derived adult stem (ADAS) cells are multipotent and differentiate in vitro along the adipocyte, chondrocyte, neuronal, osteoblast, and skeletal muscle pathways.

Methods: We examined the ADAS cell yield per unit volume of liposuction tissue, and their surface protein phenotype by flow cytometry. Adipogenesis was assessed by Oil Red O staining and ELISA analysis of leptin secretion.

Estimation of available energy of dietary fibres by indirect calorimetry in rats.

Background: Knowledge of energetic availability of dietary fibres is important for human nutrition. But up to now results are often different and depend on the methods used. Estimation of metabolisable energy of dietary fibres (mainly by balance technique) is a time-consuming procedure and needs special technical effort.

Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates of obese rats during a 12-day treatment with dexfenfluramine.

Serotoninergic neuronal networks are included in regulation and modification of eating behavior and energy metabolism. Dexfenfluramine (dF), a serotonin releaser and reuptake inhibitor, was used to investigate changes in food intake, body weight development, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, and substrate oxidation rates for 12 days. Rats which had been made obese by postnatal overfeeding received an energy-controlled mash diet and water ad libitum and were intraperitoneally injected with either saline or 5 or 10 mg dF/kg.

Energy metabolism and metabolite patterns of rats after application of dexfenfluramine.

Serotoninergic neuronal networks are important for food intake and body weight regulation. However, the mechanisms by which some metabolic pathways are influenced are rather unclear. Dexfenfluramine (DF), a serotonin releaser and re-uptake inhibitor, was used to investigate changes in food intake, body weight development, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient and substrate oxidation rates for 12 days.

Postprandial thermogenesis of rats with glutamate induced obesity in relation to energy intake.

Postprandial thermogenesis was estimated in 4-month-old male rats with glutamate induced obesity after being fed with 300, 450 and 600 kJ/kg0.75 of a pellet diet, respectively by indirect calorimetry in computer-controlled open circuit metabolic cages over 8 h. After an intake of 600 kJ/kg0.

Evaluation of calcium magnesium acetate and road salt for contact hypersensitivity potential and dermal irritancy in humans.

Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) and road salt are both de-icing agents to which workers may be dermally exposed. A commercial formulation of CMA (Chevron Ice-B-Gon Deicer) and road salt were tested in a human repeat insult patch test to evaluate the contact hypersensitivity potential of these materials and to evaluate irritation following single or multiple applications. 72 of the initial 82 panelists completed the study.

Influence of early postnatal overnutrition of rats on fatty acid composition of membrane lipids.

The influence of early postnatal overnutrition on fatty acid composition of erythrocyte, thrombocyte and liver mitochondria membrane lipids was studied in male rats (3, 6 and 11 months old) reared in small nests (2 pups per dam) in comparison to normally bred rats (12 pups per dam). Independent of age elevated proportions of palmitic and stearic acid at the expense of linoleic and arachidonic acid were found in all membrane lipids investigated in the postnatally overfed animals. These changes are discussed in relation to the enhanced lipogenesis with increased body fat accumulation in this animal model of a dietary induced obesity.

Objective measurement of surfactant irritation by fiber optic spectroscopy.

Erythema caused by occlusion of 3 concentrations of surfactant was quantified in vivo using a modified spectrophotometer. Standard chamber irritation test sites were evaluated objectively using the spectrophotometer and subjectively by trained observers. There was a good relationship between the instrumental and visual evaluations.

[The metabolism of various acaloric compounds with fatlike properties in rats].

Pseudofats as total substituted long-chain esters and ethers of polyhydroxyl compounds (sucrose, triglycerol, and polyethyleneglycol) are more or less indifferent against gastrointestinal enzymes, but display specific metabolic effects on lipid metabolism especially on cholesterol synthesis in liver, plasma lipid level, and fecal cholesterol excretion. Among the different tested compounds there exist similarities as well as differences, which are to consider as an indication for a specific relationship between structure and effect. These relations are more closely investigated and critically discussed.

Studies on the postprandial thermogenic action of proteins and protein mixtures in rats.

The postprandial thermogenic action of different proteins and their mixtures dependent on their biological value was estimated in rats by indirect calorimetry with special reference to the reproducibility of the evaluation of the postprandial metabolic rate. The absolute thermogenic action (related to the food energy intake) of casein, white-egg protein and gelatine, fed in combination with wheat starch (1:1), amounted to 11.4%, 14.

The influence of early postnatal overnutrition on peripheric thyroxine metabolism in rats.

The influence of postnatal overnutrition on thyroid metabolism in later life was studied in male rats reared in small nests (2 pups per dam). At an age of 3 months postnatally overfed rats differ from normally bred rats (12 pups per dam) by a significant higher thyroxine and lower triiodothyronine concentration in plasma. Kinetic data of thyroxine metabolism point out a lower fractional turnover rate and a lower metabolic clearance rate per 100 g body mass corresponding with a reduced 131I-uptake by the thyroid gland.

[Effect of long-time supply of medium-chain triglycerides on postprandial lipid metabolism and fatty acid pattern of membrane lipids in rats].

To characterize the effect of long-term supply medium-chain triglycerides on the lipid metabolism, the authors determined under postprandial conditions the ratio between the ketone body concentrations in the blood and the liver, the in vitro fatty-acid synthesis in the liver and the adipose tissue, the plasma and liver lipids and the fatty-acid and phospholipid spectra of the plasma and the erythrocytic, thrombocytic and liver mitochondrial membranes, in rats after 9 weeks on an isoenergetic diet containing 12% of medium-chain triglycerides or lard. The long-term supply of medium-chain triglycerides induced a 3-fold increase of the fatty-acid synthesis in the liver and the fatty tissue. In contrast to this, no differences in the concentrations of acetacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate were detected in the liver and the adipose tissue.

In vivo incorporation of C14-1-acetate into liver and plasma lipids of postnatally overfed rats.

Postnatal overnutrition due to breeding of rats in small nests (4 pups per dam) leads to distinct metabolic changes in later life stages even in conditions of ad libitum feeding. At an age of 5 months rats from small nests differ from those of large nests (14 pups per dam) in a significant higher level of liver triglycerides and cholesterol esters, whereas changes in plasma lipids concern only the increased cholesterol ester fraction. The relative distribution of in vivo incorporated C14-1-acetate into liver lipids shows a higher moiety in the triglyceride fraction of animals from small nests but no changes of the relative distribution of activity among lipid fractions of plasma.

Action of sucrose polyesters on lipid metabolism in rats.

The action of sucrose polyesters (SPE) as undigestible fat-like compounds on lipid metabolism of growing rats was studied. Over a period of 4 weeks the animals were fed a semi-synthetic diet containing 6% of SPE with or without reduction of dietary fat. The substitution of dietary fats by SPE or the additional supply of SPE led to an increase of fecal lipid and cholesterol excretion, which was accompanied by a significant stimulation of in vitro cholesterol synthesis of the liver and by a significant reduction of liver cholesterol.

Incidence of human skin sensitization to isostearyl alcohol in two separate groups of panelists.

Human repeated insult patch testing with an experimental pump spray antiperspirant formulation elicited sensitization reactions in two separate groups of panelists. After several rechallenges with variations of the formula components, isostearyl alcohol at 5% concentration in the product emerged as the causative agent in both groups. Due to the high content of alcohol in the pump spray antiperspirant, control patch testing was done with 100% ethanol, which served as the vehicle for testing isostearyl alcohol alone.

The hypolipaemic action of a glycine rich diet in rats.

Feeding of a glycerine rich diet with sufficient supply of essential amino acids (mixture of casein and gelatine) causes a significant reduction of the serum triglyceride level in rats. To study some aspects of this triglyceride lowering effect the in vivo incorporation of C14-1-acetate and C14-1-palmitate into the serum and liver lipids as well as the lipoprotein lipase and the hormone sensitive lipolytic activity of the epididymal adipose tissue in vitro were estimated. After feeding the gelatine containing diet the incorporation of labelled acetate and palmitate into the serum triglycerides was significantly decreased with no change of the incorporation into the liver triglycerides and without detectable accumulation of liver lipids.