A simple method for poly-D-lysine coating to enhance adhesion and maturation of primary cortical neuron cultures .

Introduction: Glass coverslips are used as a substrate since Harrison's initial nerve cell culture experiments in 1910. In 1974, the first study of brain cells seeded onto polylysine (PL) coated substrate was published. Usually, neurons adhere quickly to PL coating.

Participation of L-Lactate and Its Receptor HCAR1/GPR81 in Neurovisual Development.

During the development of the retina and the nervous system, high levels of energy are required by the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to grow towards their brain targets. This energy demand leads to an increase of glycolysis and L-lactate concentrations in the retina. L-lactate is known to be the endogenous ligand of the GPR81 receptor.

Neuronal labeling patterns in the spinal cord of adult transgenic Zebrafish.

We describe neuronal patterns in the spinal cord of adult zebrafish. We studied the distribution of cells and processes in the three spinal regions reported in the literature: the 8th vertebra used as a transection injury site, the 15th vertebra mainly used for motor cell recordings and also for crush injury, and the 24th vertebra used to record motor nerve activity. We used well-known transgenic lines in which expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) is driven by promoters to hb9 and isl1 in motoneurons, alx/chx10 and evx1 interneurons, ngn1 in sensory neurons and olig2 in oligodendrocytes, as well as antibodies for neurons (HuC/D, NF and SV2) and glia (GFAP).

Chapter 1--importance of chloride homeostasis in the operation of rhythmic motor networks.

GABA and glycine are classically called "inhibitory" amino acids, despite the fact that their action can rapidly switch from inhibition to excitation and vice versa. The postsynaptic action depends on the intracellular concentration of chloride ions ([Cl(-)](i)), which is regulated by proteins in the plasma membrane: the K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter KCC2 and the Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter NKCC1, which extrude and intrude Cl(-) ions, respectively. A high [Cl(-)](i) leads to a depolarizing (excitatory) action of GABA and glycine, as observed in mature dorsal root ganglion neurons and in motoneurons both early during development and in several pathological conditions, such as following spinal cord injury.

Contribution of the potassium-chloride co-transporter KCC2 to the modulation of lumbar spinal networks in mice.

Spontaneous activity is observed in most developing neuronal circuits, such as the retina, hippocampus, brainstem and spinal cord. In the spinal cord, spontaneous activity is important for generating embryonic movements critical for the proper development of motor axons, muscles and synaptic connections. A spontaneous bursting activity can be recorded in vitro from ventral roots during perinatal development.

Down-regulation of the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2 contributes to spasticity after spinal cord injury.

Hyperexcitability of spinal reflexes and reduced synaptic inhibition are commonly associated with spasticity after spinal cord injury (SCI). In adults, the activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABAA) and glycine receptors inhibits neurons as a result of low intracellular chloride (Cl-) concentration, which is maintained by the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2 (encoded by Slc12a5). We show that KCC2 is downregulated after SCI in rats, particularly in motoneuron membranes, thereby depolarizing the Cl- equilibrium potential and reducing the strength of postsynaptic inhibition.