Long-term Association of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Implementation With Rates of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children.

Importance: In several countries, 5 years after 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) implementation, serotype replacement has been reported for invasive pneumococcal disease, which raises concerns about the long-term outcome of PCV13 implementation. The long-term effect of vaccination on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains unknown.

Objective: To assess the long-term outcome of PCV13 implementation on CAP in children.

Impact of PCV13 on community-acquired pneumonia by C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels in children.

Background: Many countries have observed an early and strong impact of implementation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). High levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) are considered biomarkers of bacterial infection (particularly infection due to pneumococcus); therefore, PCV13 implementation should have different effectiveness on CAP depending on the levels of these two biomarkers. To demonstrate this assumption, we analyzed the evolution of number of CAP cases seen in pediatric emergency departments in France after PCV13 implementation (in 2010) by levels of these two biomarkers.

[Evaluation of pre-travel prevention and morbidity in child travelers].

Unlabelled: International travel is growing, but few data exist on prevention for children traveling. The aim of this study was to describe a population of children traveling from France to countries outside Europe and to evaluate the quality of prevention and healthcare services provided for these travelers.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a retrospective epidemiological study in three pediatric emergency departments in Paris from August to October 2009 and 2012.

Prediction of fatty acid profiles in cow, ewe, and goat milk by mid-infrared spectrometry.

Mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometry was used to estimate the fatty acid (FA) composition in cow, ewe, and goat milk. The objectives were to compare different statistical approaches with wavelength selection to predict the milk FA composition from MIR spectra, and to develop equations for FA in cow, goat, and ewe milk. In total, a set of 349 cow milk samples, 200 ewe milk samples, and 332 goat milk samples were both analyzed by MIR and by gas chromatography, the reference method.

A functional genomic approach to the study of the milking ability in dairy sheep.

To understand the mechanisms underlying milk ability and more precisely the kinetics of milk emission, we compared teat transcriptome profiles from Lacaune ewes in the tails of the milk flow phenotypic distribution. Two different arrays containing respectively 1896 and 13 168 PCR products selected from several tissue-specific cDNA libraries, including mammary gland, allowed the identification of 73 differentially expressed genes between teats from high and low milk flow ewes. Genes involved in muscle contraction were identified as over-expressed, and genes encoding collagen were found to be under-expressed in teats from low milk flow ewes.

Genetic susceptibility to S. aureus mastitis in sheep: differential expression of mammary epithelial cells in response to live bacteria or supernatant.

Staphylococcus aureus is a prevalent pathogen for mastitis in dairy ruminants and is responsible for both clinical and subclinical mastitis. Mammary epithelial cells (MEC) represent not only a physical barrier against bacterial invasion but are also active players of the innate immune response permitting infection clearance. To decipher their functions in general and in animals showing different levels of genetic predisposition to Staphylococcus in particular, MEC from ewes undergoing a divergent selection on milk somatic cell count were stimulated by S.

Gene expression profiling of dendritic cells reveals important mechanisms associated with predisposition to Staphylococcus infections.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen of humans and animals and emerging antibiotic-resistant strains have further increased the concern of this health issue. Host genetics influence susceptibility to S. aureus infections, and the genes determining the outcome of infections should be identified to find alternative therapies to treatment with antibiotics.

Transcriptomic analysis of milk somatic cells in mastitis resistant and susceptible sheep upon challenge with Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus.

Background: The existence of a genetic basis for host responses to bacterial intramammary infections has been widely documented, but the underlying mechanisms and the genes are still largely unknown. Previously, two divergent lines of sheep selected for high/low milk somatic cell scores have been shown to be respectively susceptible and resistant to intramammary infections by Staphylococcus spp. Transcriptional profiling with an 15K ovine-specific microarray of the milk somatic cells of susceptible and resistant sheep infected successively by S.

Recognising haemorrhagic rash in children with fever: a survey of parents' knowledge.

Background: Early recognition and treatment of meningococcal disease improves its outcome. Haemorrhagic rash is one of the most specific signs that parents can learn to recognise.

Objective: To determine the percentage of parents able to recognise a haemorrhagic rash and perform the tumbler test.

Imported malaria in children: incidence and risk factors for severity.

To assess the incidence of imported malaria in children and to determine the frequency of delayed diagnosis and risk factors for severe malaria, we performed a retrospective multicenter cohort study in the northern region of France and included all children with a positive test for malaria from 2000 to 2006. The incidence of imported malaria in children <18 years, the frequency of a delayed diagnosis, and the risk factors for severe malaria were determined. The study identified 133 children with imported malaria.

Epidemiology of malpractice lawsuits in paediatrics.

Unlabelled: A systematic review of malpractice lawsuits involving children identified six articles and 227 cumulative paediatric published cases. The prevalence of medical lawsuits resulting in payment to plaintiff was found to be 50% less frequent than that in adults. The most frequent and severe errors were among infants, including diagnostic errors of meningitis, gastroenteritis and pneumonia.

[Improvement in the management of acute diarrhoea in France?].

The management of acute diarrhoea in France improved during the last ten years, with a large increase of oral rehydration solution (ORS) prescription in infants. Severity assessment is too often based on an uncertain evaluation of weight loss instead of a clinical determination. Telephone triage is not accurate without use of protocols and decision-making guidelines.

Decline in pneumococcal meningitis after the introduction of the heptavalent-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in northern France.

Background: The impact of the heptavalent-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the incidence of pneumococcal meningitis in Europe has not yet been assessed.

Objective: To determine whether heptavalent-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation in northern France has resulted in a decrease in the incidence of pneumococcal meningitis in children.

Design: Multicentre retrospective cohort study from 2000 through 2005.

[Severity assessment of acute diarrhoea].

Clinician should recognize any life-threatening causes of diarrhoea, such as intussusceptions, surgical abdomen, and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The following clinical features should alert: abdominal pain with tenderness, with or without guarding, pallor, jaundice, oligo-anuria, bloody diarrhoea, systemically unwell out of proportion to the level of dehydration, shock. The risk of dehydration is related to age (highest in young infants<6 months), and frequency of watery stools (>8/day) and vomiting (>2/day before 1 year and >4/day after 1 year), but these historical points have a moderate sensitivity.