Oral hyperpigmentation as an adverse effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients: A systematic review and pooled prevalence.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects patients via CD4+ cells which are later be destroyed subsequently causing the deteriotation of immune system. HIV generally manifests in the oral cavity as the first indicating sign and a marker of disease progression. HAART medications are used to reduce the incidence of oral manifestations, however it can also generate adverse effects in the oral cavity including oral hyperpigmentation.

An In-Vivo Study of Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Matrix Metalloprotein 9 Expression in Traumatic Ulcers with Diabetes Mellitus.

Objective:  Diabetes mellitus is not only characterized by alterations in the wound healing process but also during oral ulcer healing. The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) can be used to stimulate the healing process. This study was performed to analyze the effect of PRP on traumatic ulcers with diabetes mellitus in an animal model by analyzing the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and matrix metalloprotein 9 (MMP-9).

Prevalence of Oral Normal Variance in Healthy Elderly Patients: A Descriptive Study on Oral Pseudo-Lesions.

 The aging process in the elderly can change the condition of the oral cavity, regarding both clinical appearance and function. The oral mucosa becomes more susceptible to mechanical damage and irritant agents. Any changes in the oral mucosa, including normal variance, should be examined.