In-situ transmission electron microscopy of liposomes in an aqueous environment.

The characterization of liposomes was undertaken using in-situ microfluidic transmission electron microscopy. Liposomes were imaged without contrast enhancement staining or cryogenic treatment, allowing for the observation of functional liposomes in an aqueous environment. The stability and quality of the liposome structures observed were found to be highly dependent on the surface and liposome chemistries within the liquid cell.