Sex as a predictor of clinical phenotype and determinant of immune response in IgG4-related disease: a retrospective study of patients fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology-European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria.

Background: IgG4-related disease is a multiorgan fibroinflammatory disease considered to have an autoimmune origin. Case series describing individual organ involvement have suggested differences in phenotypic expression between males and females. We aimed to characterise differences in IgG4-related disease manifestations between male and female patients in a large single-centre cohort.

First-Dose mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Allergic Reactions: Limited Role for Excipient Skin Testing.

Background: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention state that a severe or immediate allergic reaction to the first dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine is a contraindication for the second dose.

Objective: To assess outcomes associated with excipient skin testing after a reported allergic reaction to the first dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.

Methods: We identified a consecutive sample of patients with reported allergic reactions after the first dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine who underwent allergy assessment with skin testing to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and, when appropriate, polysorbate 80.