The topic of equitable access to health care and its impact on exacerbating worldwide inequities in child health not only strikes at the heart of our health-care delivery systems but also deeply resonates with our collective social consciences. Nowhere is this better seen on a global scale than in the burden of illness caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, which extracts the most severe morbidity and mortality in infants and children in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). This report addresses global health disparities that exist in the management of RSV infection in infants and children, and offers strategies for preventing bronchiolitis and postbronchiolitis recurrent wheezing in LMICs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: International guidelines disagree on how best to diagnose primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), not least because many tests rely on pattern recognition. We hypothesized that quantitative distribution of ciliary ultrastructural and motion abnormalities would detect most frequent PCD-causing groups of genes by soft computing analysis.
Methods: Archived data on transmission electron microscopy and high-speed video analysis from 212 PCD patients were re-examined to quantitate distribution of ultrastructural (10 parameters) and functional ciliary features (4 beat pattern and 2 frequency parameters).
Background: We hypothesized that differences in nasal nitric oxide (nNO) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (Feno) relate to prognosis in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD).
Research Question: What is the relationship between baseline values and longitudinal evolution of nNO and Feno and ultrastructure, genotype, and respiratory infections in PCD?
Study Design And Methods: Prospective, longitudinal, single-center study in adults and children evaluated biannually for up to 10 years. We compared cross-sectional and longitudinal values of nNO and Feno in ultrastructural (inner dynein arm [IDA] and microtubular disorganization [MTD]) and genetic (CCDC39 and CCDC40) groups known to have worse pulmonary function with patients within the ultrastructural and genetic groups with a better prognosis.
Long COVID (coronavirus disease 2019) syndrome includes a group of patients who, after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), exhibit lingering mild-to-moderate symptoms and develop medical complications that can have lasting health problems. In this report, we propose a model for the pathophysiology of the long COVID presentation based on increased proinflammatory cytokine production that results from the persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus or one of its molecular components. Associated with this hyperproduction of inflammatory cytokines is a heightened activity of nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways that regulate cytokine production.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGenotype-phenotype relationships are emerging in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), but little is known about lung volume changes over time. To investigate the evolution of static lung volumes with ultrastructural defects, gene mutations, body mass index, and specific infections in PCD. Prospective, longitudinal, single-center study in children and adults evaluated twice yearly for up to 10 years.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: Age at menarche (AAM) is an important indicator of physiological development in women, and delayed AAM has been associated with chronic illnesses. We investigated predictive factors at diagnosis that influence AAM in adolescents with chronic respiratory diseases.
Study Design: AAM was assessed in 1207 northern Italian female aged 11-24 (1062 healthy, 98 with asthma and 47 with cystic fibrosis [CF]).
Objective: The pathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) is associated with dysfunction at various levels of the gut-brain axis. Hypervigilance can result in an increased tendency to report pain. In the present study, we aimed to explore whether hypervigilance can influence attentional processing in postural control in children with FGIDs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThere remains an unmet need for effective, well-tolerated therapeutic options in paediatric patients with not fully controlled asthma, for whom safety is of paramount importance.Data were pooled from five randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies evaluating tiotropium 5 or 2.5 µg placebo add-on therapy in patients with symptomatic asthma aged 1-17 years.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFColostrum is produced in the first days postpartum. It is a known source of immune mediators for a newborn within the first week of life. Although it is still unclear if colostrum composition varies between populations, recent data suggest differences.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAirway macrophages perform the crucial functions of presenting antigens, clearing pathogens, and apoptotic cells. Macrophage phagocytosis is increased in adults with mild asthma and allergen exposure is known to activate macrophages. However, it is not clear whether the mechanism behind this is due to a primary defect or environmental factors such as allergen or lipopolysaccaride (LPS) exposure.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To establish the relationship between vitamin D serum levels, pulmonary function, asthma control, and passive smoking exposure in children with asthma.
Methods: We studied the relationship between 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol (25[OH]D) concentrations and baseline spirometry and levels of asthma control, and the effect of parental tobacco smoke exposure in 152 white children (84 boys [55.3%]) with a mean age ± standard deviation of 9.
Cilia have multiple functions including olfaction. We hypothesised that olfactory function could be impaired in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Olfaction, nasal nitric oxide (nNO) and sinus CT were assessed in patients with PCD and non-PCD sinus disease, and healthy controls (no CT scan).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIbuprofen is the most widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for the treatment of inflammation, mild-to-moderate pain and fever in children, and is the only NSAID approved for use in children aged ≥3 months. Its efficacy and safety profile have led to its increasing use in paediatric care, even without medical prescription. However, an increase of suspected adverse reactions to ibuprofen has been noted in concomitance with the raised, often medically unsupervised, consumption of the drug.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe role of breastfeeding in improving allergy outcomes in early childhood is still unclear. Evidence suggests that immune mediators in human milk (HM) play a critical role in infant immune maturation as well as protection against atopy/allergy development. We investigated relationships between levels of immune mediators in colostrum and mature milk and infant outcomes in the first year of life.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: The balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) is important in the regulation of airway damage.
Objective: To evaluate whether they are important in the pathophysiology of primary and secondary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD, SCD).
Methods: We measured sputum bacteriology, lung CT changes, MMPs, TIMPs and lung function in 86 patients (51 PCD, 35 SCD) in a cross-sectional study; the 10 controls studied did not have HRCT or sputum cultures.
Background: Studies in adults and adolescents have demonstrated that tiotropium is efficacious as an add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) with or without other maintenance therapies in patients with moderate or severe symptomatic asthma.
Objective: We sought to assess the efficacy and safety of once-daily tiotropium Respimat add-on therapy to high-dose ICS with 1 or more controller medications, or medium-dose ICS with 2 or more controller medications, in the first phase III trial of tiotropium in children with severe symptomatic asthma.
Methods: In this 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial, 401 participants aged 6 to 11 years were randomized to receive once-daily tiotropium 5 μg (2 puffs of 2.
Background: Studies have reported that women with early menarche (≤10 years) have lower lung function.
Aim: To investigate lung function in women with a history of idio pathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) treated during childhood with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa).
Methods: ICPP women (n = 23) were compared with healthy age-matched controls (n = 23).
Cytokines and growth factors in colostrum and mature milk may play an important role in infant immune maturation, and may vary significantly between populations. We aimed to examine associations between environmental and maternal factors, and human milk (HM) cytokine and growth factor levels. We recruited 398 pregnant/lactating women in the United Kingdom, Russia, and Italy.
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