Enhancing Learning Through Universally Designed Augmented Reality: A Comparative Study of Augmented and Traditional Learning Materials.

This paper examines the impact and effectiveness of educational Universally Designed (UD) Augmented Reality (AR) applications compared to traditional paper-based counterparts. The study evaluates accessibility, usability, user experience, and short-term learning outcomes in marine biology, human anatomy, and cultural history. Thirty-six participants with diverse skills and abilities, including visual impairments and dyslexia, participated in two experiments.

Universally Designed Augmented Reality as Interface for Artificial Intelligence Assisted Decision-Making in Everyday Life Scenarios.

This paper presents a conceptual prototype that integrates Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Augmented Reality (AR) with the principles of Universal Design (UD) to enhance decision-making in everyday scenarios for a diverse user base, eliminating the need for conventional text or voice AI interfaces. The study employed a mixed-method approach, including surveys, user testing, and interviews with eight participants from various age groups. The focus was on user interaction styles (head-mounted, handheld) within three everyday scenarios: 1) medication assistance, 2) food and beverage assistance, and 3) sustainability advocacy.

Universally Designed Virtual Reality: Creating Inclusive and Immersive Learning Experiences with 'VRinDanger'.

This paper presents the design and implementation of VRinDanger, a universally designed (UD) educational virtual reality (VR) application aimed at providing an inclusive and immersive learning experience focused on the world's deadliest animals. A mixed-methods study involving participants with diverse ages, skills, and abilities was conducted to evaluate the application's accessibility, usability, user experience, and educational effectiveness in terms of learning outcomes. The findings demonstrate that integrating UD principles into VR design significantly improves accessibility, enhances user satisfaction, and promotes engagement and retention of educational content for diverse audiences.

Extra- and intracellular lactose catabolism in Penicillium chrysogenum: phylogenetic and expression analysis of the putative permease and hydrolase genes.

Penicillium chrysogenum is used as an industrial producer of penicillin. We investigated its catabolism of lactose, an abundant component of whey used in penicillin fermentation, comparing the type strain NRRL 1951 with the high producing strain AS-P-78. Both strains grew similarly on lactose as the sole carbon source under batch conditions, exhibiting almost identical time profiles of sugar depletion.

Lactose and D-galactose catabolism in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans.

The disaccharide lactose is a byproduct of cheese production accumulating to amounts of 800,000 tons per year worldwide, of which 15% is used as a carbon source for various microbial fermentations. Nevertheless, little is known about the regulation of its metabolism in filamentous fungi. Lactose is metabolized slowly, and some important fungi such as A.

Lack of aldose 1-epimerase in Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei): a key to cellulase gene expression on lactose.

The heterodisaccharide lactose (1,4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose) induces cellulase formation in the ascomycete Hypocrea jecorina (= Trichoderma reesei). Lactose assimilation is slow, and the assimilation of its beta-D-galactose moiety depends mainly on the operation of a recently described reductive pathway and depends less on the Leloir pathway, which accepts only alpha-D-galactose. We therefore reasoned whether galactomutarotase [aldose 1-epimerase (AEP)] activity might limit lactose assimilation and thus influence cellulase formation.

Induction of extracellular beta-galactosidase (Bga1) formation by D-galactose in Hypocrea jecorina is mediated by galactitol.

The ability of Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) to grow on lactose strongly depends on the formation of an extracellular glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 35 beta-galactosidase, encoded by the bga1 gene. Previous studies, using batch or transfer cultures of pregrown cells, had shown that bga1 is induced by lactose and d-galactose, but to a lesser extent by galactitol. To test whether the induction level is influenced by the different growth rates attainable on these carbon sources, bga1 expression was compared in carbon-limited chemostat cultivations at defined dilution (=specific growth) rates.

D-Galactose induces cellulase gene expression in Hypocrea jecorina at low growth rates.

Lactose (1,4-O-beta-d-galactopyranosyl-d-glucose) is a soluble and economic carbon source for the industrial production of cellulases or recombinant proteins by Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei). The mechanism by which lactose induces cellulase formation is not understood. Recent data showed that the galactokinase step is essential for cellulase induction by lactose, but growth on d-galactose alone does not induce cellulases.

CreA-mediated carbon catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase formation in Aspergillus nidulans is growth rate dependent.

Carbon catabolite repression by the CreA-transcriptional repressor is widespread in filamentous fungi, but the mechanism by which glucose triggers carbon catabolite repression is still poorly understood. We investigated the hypothesis that the growth rate on glucose may control CreA-dependent carbon catabolite repression by using glucose-limited chemostat cultures and the intracellular beta-galactosidase activity of Aspergillus nidulans, which is repressed by glucose, as a model system. Chemostat cultures at four different dilution rates (D = 0.

The alternative D-galactose degrading pathway of Aspergillus nidulans proceeds via L-sorbose.

The catabolism of d-galactose in yeast depends on the enzymes of the Leloir pathway. In contrast, Aspergillus nidulans mutants in galactokinase ( galE) can still grow on d-galactose in the presence of ammonium-but not nitrate-ions as nitrogen source. A.

Stimulation of the cyanide-resistant alternative respiratory pathway by oxygen in Acremonium chrysogenum correlates with the size of the intracellular peroxide pool.

The relationship between oxygen input and activity of the cyanide-resistant alternative respiration of submerged cultures of Acremonium crysogenum was investigated. The volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient of the respective cultures correlated positively within almost two ranges of magnitude with the size of the intracellular peroxide pool, which in turn, correlated with the activity of the cyanide-resistant alternative respiratory pathway. Increased aeration also stimulated the glucose uptake rate but had no effect on the total respiration rate or the growth rate.

Regulation of formation of the intracellular beta-galactosidase activity of Aspergillus nidulans.

The regulation of formation of the single intracellular beta-galactosidase activity of Aspergillus nidulans was investigated. beta-Galactosidase was not formed during growth on glucose or glycerol, but was rapidly induced during growth on lactose or D-galactose. L-Arabinose, and -- with lower efficacy -- D-xylose also induced beta-galactosidase activity.