A novel mouse model of upper tract urothelial carcinoma highlights the impact of dietary intervention on gut microbiota and carcinogenesis prevention despite carcinogen exposure.

Animal models of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxy butyl) nitrosamine (BBN)-induced urothelial carcinoma (UC), particularly bladder cancer (BC), have long been established. However, the rare incidence of BBN-induced upper urinary tract UC (UTUC), which originates from the same urothelium as BC, remains elusive. The scarcity of animal models of UTUC has made it challenging to study the biology of UTUC.

GDF15 propeptide promotes bone metastasis of castration-resistant prostate cancer by augmenting the bone microenvironment.

Background: Bone metastasis (BM) is a common and fatal condition in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, there are no useful blood biomarkers for CRPC with BM, and the mechanism underlying BM is unclear. In this study, we investigated precise blood biomarkers for evaluating BM that can improve the prognosis of patients with CRPC.

PSA Kinetics Affect Prognosis in Patients With Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Treated With Enzalutamide.

Background/aim: There is little evidence regarding the predictive value of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with an androgen receptor signaling inhibitor. This study investigated the correlation between PSA kinetics and prognosis in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with enzalutamide.

Patients And Methods: We analyzed data from 103 patients who received enzalutamide as primary treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer at our hospital, focusing on the associations between overall survival and PSA kinetics variables, such as maximal PSA response, PSA nadir, and time to PSA nadir.

A case of malignant pheochromocytoma with neurofibromatosis type 1 having difficulty in differentiating spinal tumor.

Introduction: Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a hereditary condition often associated with pheochromocytomas but rarely with malignant pheochromocytomas. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is often associated with bone lesions, which complicates the distinction between malignant and benign tumors.

Case Presentation: A 46-year-old man with a medical history of neurofibromatosis type 1 presented with right abdominal pain.

Cumulative incidence and risk factors for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw during long-term prostate cancer management.

Bone-modifying agents (BMA) are extensively used in treating patients with prostate cancer with bone metastases. However, this increases the risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). The safety of long-term BMA administration in clinical practice remains unclear.

Recent developments and future directions of first-line systemic therapy combined with immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a historical perspective on treatment evolution.

Urothelial carcinoma presents significant treatment challenges, especially in advanced stages. Traditionally managed with platinum-based chemotherapy, the advent of immunotherapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, has revolutionized urothelial carcinoma treatment. This review explores the evolution of urothelial carcinoma management, focusing on the transition from immune checkpoint inhibitors monotherapy to innovative combination therapies.

In situ analysis of CCR8 regulatory T cells in lung cancer: suppression of GzmB CD8 T cells and prognostic marker implications.

Background: CCR8-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) are selectively localized within tumors and have gained attention as potent suppressors of anti-tumor immunity. This study focused on CCR8 Tregs and their interaction with CD8 T cells in the tumor microenvironment of human lung cancer. We evaluated their spatial distribution impact on CD8 T cell effector function, specifically granzyme B (GzmB) expression, and clinical outcomes.

The prognostic impact of peripheral blood eosinophil counts in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with nivolumab.

Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have gained approval for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), the response rate is still limited. Therefore, it is urgent to explore novel markers of responses to ICIs that can help assess clinical benefits. Recently, it has been noted that peripheral blood eosinophil counts are an independent factor correlated with clinical outcome of ICIs in some types of cancer.

Fatal tumoral hemorrhage from brain metastases of renal cell carcinoma after stereotactic radiotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor and vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy combinations.

Introduction: Brain metastasis in renal cell carcinoma, which is reported in 10% of cases, leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Establishment of appropriate and safe treatment for brain metastasis renal cell carcinoma remains a pressing need.

Case Presentation: A 56-year-old female patient, presenting with anorexia, headache, and occipital swelling, was subsequently diagnosed with clear cell renal cell carcinoma with multiple metastases, including intracranial and epicranial tumors.

A retroperitoneal primary undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.

A 52-year-old male had pain in the right back and right hypochondrium, and an abdominal CT scan revealed a 49-mm tumor in the right upper perirenal space. Additional MRI and PET-CT suggested that the tumor may be a primary adrenal carcinoma and could invade the liver and diaphragmatic leg. The tumor was completely removed by laparotomy and histopathologically diagnosed as retroperitoneal primary undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.

Downregulation of TCF7 and LEF1 is a key determinant of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T-cell function.

Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells play essential roles in immune homeostasis but also contribute to establish a favorable environment for tumor growth by suppressing anti-tumor immune responses. It is thus necessary to specifically target tumor-infiltrating Treg cells to minimize effects on immune homeostasis in cancer immunotherapy. However, molecular features that distinguish tumor-infiltrating Treg cells from those in secondary lymphoid organs remain unknown.

Prognostic significance of serum fucosylated pro-haptoglobin in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

With the widespread use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), identifying predictive biomarkers is critical. Recently, serum fucosylated haptoglobin (Fuc-Hp) was thought to play an important role in tumour immunity in several types of cancer. Therefore, evaluating serum Fuc-Hp in the peripheral blood can potentially identify non-invasive predictive biomarkers for the clinical efficacy of ICIs.

Comparative Effectiveness of Radiation Versus Radical Cystectomy for Localized Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Purpose: Radical cystectomy (RC) with neoadjuvant chemotherapy is the most commonly recommended treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), yet RC with urinary diversion remains an invasive treatment. Although some patients with MIBC gain good cancer control with radiation therapy (RT), its effectiveness remains under discussion. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the effectiveness of RT compared with RC for MIBC.

Surgical resection of primary leiomyosarcoma of retro-hepatic inferior vena cava extending from bilateral renal veins across the diaphragm.

Vascular leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava is a rare malignant soft tissue tumor that requires surgical treatment to prevent tumor-related symptoms such as pulmonary embolism and Budd-Chiari syndrome. However, a treatment strategy for surgical resection of advanced cases has not yet been determined. This report describes the case of advanced leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava that was successfully treated with surgery and subsequent chemotherapy.

Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis after combination therapy with ipilimumab and nivolumab for postoperative pancreatic and liver metastases from renal cell carcinoma.

Introduction: Since the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors for renal cell carcinoma treatment, therapeutic efficacy has been enhanced. However, although autoimmune-related side effects may occur, rheumatoid immune-related adverse events seldom develop.

Case Presentation: A 78-year-old Japanese man with renal cell carcinoma developed pancreatic and liver metastases after bilateral partial nephrectomy and was treated with ipilimumab and nivolumab.

Drug-induced interstitial pneumonia after intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin administration for bladder cancer with scleroderma.

Introduction: Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin administration is the standard therapy for high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer and is usually well tolerated. However, some patients experience severe, potentially fatal, complications including interstitial pneumonitis.

Case Presentation: A 72-year-old female with scleroderma was diagnosed with bladder carcinoma in situ.