Spatial and temporal analysis of urban heat island using Landsat satellite images.

The average land surface temperature (LST) of Earth has increased since the late nineteenth century due to the warming of the Earth's atmosphere. Increased surface temperatures, especially in cities, are a significant environmental problem that intensifies urban heat islands (UHIs). In this study, land surface temperature, urban thermal field variance index (UTFVI), and UHI index were mapped using Landsat 4, 5, 7, and 8 satellite images to identify the distribution and determine the intensities of the UHI.