Association of serum advanced glycation (AGEs) end products, apolipoprotein-B and zinc in severity of T2DM retinopathy.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), lipids and lipoproteins and antioxidant enzymes are involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). AGEs and modified Apolipoprotein-B (Apo-B) lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species causing damage to the retina leading to DR. Zinc has antioxidant properties and protects the retina against reactive oxygen species.