Bioecological Study on the Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Sari County, North of Iran.

Background: Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of species, the causative agents of leishmaniasis in the world. Present study aimed to evaluate the bioecological aspects of sand flies in different ecotopes in Sari County, north of Iran.

Methods: Sand flies were collected from four villages in mountainous, forest, plain and peri-urban areas monthly using sticky traps in May-October 2016.

Relationship between infection in and its resistance to insecticide.

Many studies have been done on the various factors affecting resistance to insecticides. The relationship between bacteria and resistance to insecticides is one of the factors that has attracted a lot of attentions. are obligatory intracellular endosymbionts that naturally occur in a wide range of arthropods and nematodes, including the mosquito .

Assessment the Changing Trend of Susceptibility to Two Insecticides among Field-Population Compared with the Same Population Undergoing to Multiple Colonization.

Background: During the past decade, rapid development of insecticide resistance have been reported among many species of mosquito vectors against four main categories of insecticides worldwide. The aim of the research was to assess the variation trend of susceptibility levels of to two insecticides separately for the field population compared with subsequent generations of the same sample after multiple colonization.

Methods: Larvae and pupae of were collected from house sewages and reared to adult which blood-fed on roosters.