OncoTherad (MRB-CFI-1) Nanoimmunotherapy: A Promising Strategy to Treat Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Unresponsive Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Crosstalk among T-Cell CX3CR1, Immune Checkpoints, and the Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway.

This study assessed the safety and efficacy of OncoTherad (MRB-CFI-1) nanoimmunotherapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients unresponsive to (BCG) and explored its mechanisms of action in a bladder cancer microenvironment. A single-arm phase I/II study was conducted with 44 patients with NMIBC who were unresponsive to BCG treatment. Primary outcomes were pathological complete response (pCR) and relapse-free survival (RFS).

Multiple analyses suggests texture features can indicate the presence of tumor in the prostate tissue.

Several studies have demonstrated statistical and texture analysis abilities to differentiate cancerous from healthy tissue in magnetic resonance imaging. This study developed a method based on texture analysis and machine learning to differentiate prostate findings. Forty-eight male patients with PI-RADS classification and subsequent radical prostatectomy histopathological analysis were used as gold standard.

Reduced blood pressure in sickle cell disease is associated with decreased angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity and is not modulated by ACE inhibition.

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) incurs vaso-occlusive episodes and organ damage, including nephropathy. Despite displaying characteristics of vascular dysfunction, SCD patients tend to present relatively lower systemic blood pressure (BP), via an unknown mechanism. We investigated associations between BP and renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) components in SCD and determined whether an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE; often used to slow SCD glomerulopathy) further modulates BP and RAS components in a murine model of SCD.

Presence and predominance of histological grade 3 define cT1HG bladder cancer prognostic groups.

Purpose: Current World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology (2004 WHO/ISUP) grading of bladder urothelial carcinoma relies on the highest pathologic grade of the specimen and does not reflect the inherent qualitative and quantitative heterogeneity of disease.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively studied consecutive urothelial high-grade cT1 (cT1HG) carcinomas submitted to adjuvant bacille Calmette-Guérin between 2008 and 2015 to evaluate the prognostic potential of grade 3 (presence or predominance) according to the 1973 WHO system concerning disease progression and cancer-specific death.

Results: Among 253 patients, grading distribution was 34.

Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma: A tumor with diverse morphology including cannibalism, lymphocytic emperipolesis, and defective autophagy.

We report the clinicopathological findings of the first series of 3 patients from Brazil with fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma. The clinicopathological findings disclosed a very aggressive tumor. All 3 patients had solitary tumor at the left side, metastasis and advanced stage at the time of diagnosis; were females with a median age of 40 years; had a history of uterine leiomyomas; and, at follow-up two patients are deceased and one patient alive.

A novel histologic finding in male patients with bladder outlet obstruction: a possible etiopathogenesis of Marion's disease?

Purpose: George Marion first described primary bladder neck obstruction in 1933. Even today, the etiopathogenesis of this condition is unknown. The objective of this study is to associate a novel histologic finding with Marion's disease to contribute to its etiopathogenesis, and to seek the reason why the lower urinary tract symptoms of some patients was not relieved after pharmacological treatment.

Prognostic significance of architectural subtypes of Gleason grade 4 prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy: A semiquantitative method of evaluation.

Studies have shown that Gleason grade 4 extent as well as architectural subtypes provide prognostic information. We aimed to evaluate the influence on biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy of patients with organ-confined tumor, Gleason score 7, and negative surgical margins. Total tumor extent, Gleason grade 4 total extent and the extent of each architectural subtype (fused glands, poorly defined glands, cribriform glands, and glomeruloid glands) were evaluated by a semiquantitative point-count method using different colors to identify each subtype.

Biopsy core length in white versus African descendant prostate cancer patients.

To explore whether distinct prostate cancer (PCa) prognoses between ethnicities could be explained by diverse characteristics in the prostate biopsy. Clinical, prostate biopsy and surgical single-institution data of whites and African descendants with similar access to the health system who underwent radical prostatectomy whole gland histopathology within 60 days after biopsy from 2010 to 2011 and followed for 5 years minimum were compared. Among 203 included patients, 153 (75.

Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is an aggressive form of invasive carcinoma and should be graded.

Infiltration of the prostatic ducts by prostatic adenocarcinoma occurs relatively frequently, being most commonly associated with high grade disease. It is now recognised that intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDCP) has an associated poor prognosis and this is reflected in its histological, molecular and immunohistochemical features. The current recommendation of the World Health Organization is that IDCP not be taken into consideration when grading prostate adenocarcinoma.

Dataset for the reporting of renal biopsy for tumour: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) has developed a suite of detailed datasets for international implementation. These datasets are based on the reporting protocols developed by the Royal College of Pathologists (UK), The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia and the College of American Pathologists, with modifications undertaken by international expert groups appointed according to ICCR protocols. The dataset for the reporting of renal biopsy for tumour is designed to provide a structured reporting template containing minimum data recording key elements suitable for international use.

Controversial issues in Gleason and International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) prostate cancer grading: proposed recommendations for international implementation.

The Gleason Grading system has been used for over 50 years to prognosticate and guide the treatment for patients with prostate cancer. At consensus conferences in 2005 and 2014 under the guidance of the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP), the system has undergone major modifications to reflect modern diagnostic and therapeutic practices. The 2014 consensus conference yielded recommendations regarding cribriform, mucinous, glomeruloid and intraductal patterns, the most significant of which was the removal of any cribriform pattern from Gleason grade 3.

The TNM 8th edition: Validation of the proposal for organ - confined (pT2) prostate cancer.

Purpose: The 8th edition of the TNM has been updated and improved in order to ensure a high degree of clinical relevance. A major change in prostate includes pathologically organ - confined disease to be considered pT2 and no longer subclassified by extent of involvement or laterality. The aim of this study was to validate this major change.

Early development of a gonadal tumor in a patient with mixed gonadal dysgenesis.

A gonadal tumor was diagnosed in the first months of life in a patient with genital ambiguity, a 45,X/46,XY karyotype, and mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Gonadal biopsies at the age of 3 months revealed dysgenetic testes and a gonadoblastoma on the right testis. Even though gonadal tumors are rare in childhood, this case indicates that prophylactic removal of dysgenetic gonads should be performed as early as possible, especially when the female sex is assigned to a patient with a Y-chromosome sequence.

The importance of histopathologic review of biopsies in patients with prostate cancer referred to a tertiary uro-oncology center.

Introduction: In view of the detailed histologic evaluation of prostate cancer (PC), it is usually advisable to provide a "second opinion" to confirm diagnosis. This study aimed to compare the Gleason score (GS) of initial diagnosis versus that of histopathologic review of patients with PC. The secondary objective was to compare initial GS versus histopathologic review versus post - surgical histopathology.

Data set for the reporting of carcinoma of renal tubular origin: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

Aims: The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) has provided detailed data sets based upon the published reporting protocols of the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia and the College of American Pathologists.

Methods And Results: The data set for carcinomas of renal tubular origin treated by nephrectomy was developed to provide a minimum structured reporting template suitable for international use, and incorporated recommendations from the 2012 Vancouver Consensus Conference of the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) and the fourth edition of the World Health Organisation Bluebook on tumours of the urinary and male genital systems published in 2016. Reporting elements were divided into those, which are required and recommended components of the report.

Are 10-, 10-12-, or > 12-mm prostate biopsy core quality control cutoffs reasonable?

Purpose: To explore the role of prostate biopsy core length on prediction of index tumor clinical significance and localization on radical prostatectomy (RP) and time to recurrence, hypothesizing 10-, 10-12-, or > 12-mm minimum core as potential biopsy quality control.

Methods: Assessed 2424 prostate biopsy cores and corresponding RP of 202 patients submitted to the first set of 12 cores prostate biopsy between 2010 and 2015. Analyzed biopsy core length, age, prostate volume (PV), free and total PSA ratio, PSA density, RP index tumor clinical significance, extension, localization, surgical margins, and cancer control.

Intravesical Immunomodulatory Imiquimod Enhances Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Downregulation of Nonmuscle-invasive Bladder Cancer.

Background: The Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/4 agonist bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), although not failure proof, has been the most efficient immunomodulatory treatment of immunogenic nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) for > 40 years. We investigated the role of the immunomodulatory molecule TLR7 agonist imiquimod through the BCG key receptors TLR2/4 and the main downstream molecules of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in NMIBC treatment.

Materials And Methods: A total of 40 Fischer-344 rats, 7 weeks old, received 4 doses of 1.

Enhanced immunization techniques to obtain highly specific monoclonal antibodies.

Despite fast advances in genomics and proteomics, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are still a valuable tool for areas such as the evolution of basic research in stem cells and cancer, for immunophenotyping cell populations, diagnosing and prognosis of diseases, and for immunotherapy. To summarize different subtractive immunization approaches successfully used for the production of highly specific antibodies, we identified scientific articles in NCBI PubMed using the following search terms: subtractive immunization, monoclonal antibody, tolerization, neonatal, high-zone tolerance, masking immunization. Patent records were also consulted.

Does index tumor predominant location influence prognostic factors in radical prostatectomies?

Purpose: To find any influence on prognostic factors of index tumor according to predominant location.

Materials And Methods: Prostate surgical specimens from 499 patients submitted to radical retropubic prostatectomy were step-sectioned. Each transverse section was subdivided into 2 anterolateral and 2 posterolateral quadrants.

Gleason grade 4 prostate adenocarcinoma patterns: an interobserver agreement study among genitourinary pathologists.

Aims: To assess the interobserver reproducibility of individual Gleason grade 4 growth patterns.

Methods And Results: Twenty-three genitourinary pathologists participated in the evaluation of 60 selected high-magnification photographs. The selection included 10 cases of Gleason grade 3, 40 of Gleason grade 4 (10 per growth pattern), and 10 of Gleason grade 5.

Characterization of reactive stroma in prostate cancer: involvement of growth factors, metalloproteinase matrix, sexual hormones receptors and prostatic stem cells.

Introduction And Objectives: Reactive Stroma (RStr) is observed in many human cancers and is related to carcinogenesis. The objectives of the present study were to stablish a relationship of the RStr microenvironment with prostate cancer (Pca) through a morphological and molecular characterization, and to identify a possible relationship between RStr with worse prognosis factors and occurrence of malignant prostatic stem cells.

Materials And Methods: Forty prostatic samples were selected from men with Pca diagnosis submitted to radical prostatectomy; they were divided in two groups: Group-1 (n=20): samples without reactive stroma; Group-2 (n=20): samples of PCa with intense stroma reaction.

Predictive criteria of insignificant prostate cancer: what is the correspondence of linear extent to percentage of cancer in a single core?

Objective: The aim of active surveillance of early prostate cancer is to individualize therapy by selecting for curative treatment only patients with significant cancer. Epstein's criteria for prediction of clinically insignificant cancer in surgical specimens are widely used. Epstein's criterion "no single core with >50% cancer has no correspondence in linear extent.

Fat-forming solitary fibrous tumor of the kidney: a case report.

Background: Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) arises in many parts of the body, but rarely in the kidney. To the best of our knowledge this is the second report of a fat-forming SFT in the kidney.

Case: We present a case of a fat-containing SFT at the parihilar region of the kidney in a 64-year-old man complaining of epigastric pain.